Starbucks Structural Frame Essay -- Starbucks Business Analysis

Starbucks at first was a little structure, run by three accomplices in a little shop in Seattle. The organization at that point was confined to selling just entire bean and ground espresso. It was ordinarily a top down structure were the three individuals in the top administration were the chiefs. In 1984, when Schultz recommended selling espresso and expresso drinks, the executives of Starbucks dismissed the thought, regardless of the way that the move would have made more benefit for the organization. This showed the inflexibility of the administration towards any adjustments in the business. In the wake of assuming control over the activity of Starbucks in 1987, Schultz chose to extend the organization's business. The following hardly any years carried some positive changes to Starbucks. Beginning with 17 stores in 1987, the organization immediately extended by opening stores in Chicago and Portland. With this time of extension, Schultz recruited some accomplished individuals to assist him with dealing with the development plans. In 1989, Schultz employed Howard Behar, who knew about opening and running a few retail locations. After a year, Schultz acquired Orin Smith as the Chief Finance and Operations Officer. Both Behar and Smith were profoundly knowledgeable about the business and aided Schultz fabricate the organization's infrastructure.[1] The new structure of Starbucks was level and it energized serious thoughts from all degrees of the organization. This fundamentally portrayed a sidelong coordination c... ...ffman Neilson(2008), Strategy and Business http://www.relationalcapitalgroup.com/information focus/TheBaristaPrinciple.pdf 2) Shultz, H. (2008) Starbucks rolls out authoritative improvements to upgrade client experience. Recovered March 13, 2008, from, http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/pressdesc.asp?id=831 3) George, J. also, Jones, G. (2005). Comprehension and Managing Organizational Behavior. (fourth ed.)Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 4) Gulati Hoffman Neilson, Strategy and Business, 2008 http://www.relationalcapitalgroup.com/information focus/TheBaristaPrinciple.pdf 5) Barbero, Martin, Starbucks objective: Recapture its initial buzz, Jan 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/30/business/sbux.php 6) Hoovers Database http://premium.hoovers.com/buy in/co/overview.xhtml?ID=ffffrhkchrhhyjjrfk Starbucks' Structural Frame Essay - Starbucks Business Analysis Starbucks at first was a little structure, run by three accomplices in a little shop in Seattle. The organization at that point was limited to selling just entire bean and ground espresso. It was ordinarily a top down structure were the three individuals in the top administration were the leaders. In 1984, when Schultz proposed selling espresso and expresso drinks, the chiefs of Starbucks dismissed the thought, regardless of the way that the move would have made more benefit for the organization. This showed the unbending nature of the administration towards any adjustments in the business. In the wake of assuming control over the activity of Starbucks in 1987, Schultz chose to grow the organization's business. The following hardly any years carried some positive changes to Starbucks. Beginning with 17 stores in 1987, the organization immediately extended by opening stores in Chicago and Portland. With this time of development, Schultz recruited some accomplished individuals to assist him with dealing with the development plans. In 1989, Schultz employed Howard Behar, who knew about opening and running a few retail locations. After a year, Schultz acquired Orin Smith as the Chief Finance and Operations Officer. Both Behar and Smith were exceptionally knowledgeable about the business and aided Schultz manufacture the organization's infrastructure.[1] The new structure of Starbucks was level and it supported serious thoughts from all degrees of the organization. This essentially delineated a horizontal coordination c... ...ffman Neilson(2008), Strategy and Business http://www.relationalcapitalgroup.com/information focus/TheBaristaPrinciple.pdf 2) Shultz, H. (2008) Starbucks rolls out hierarchical improvements to upgrade client experience. Recovered March 13, 2008, from, http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/pressdesc.asp?id=831 3) George, J. what's more, Jones, G. (2005). Comprehension and Managing Organizational Behavior. (fourth ed.)Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 4) Gulati Hoffman Neilson, Strategy and Business, 2008 http://www.relationalcapitalgroup.com/information focus/TheBaristaPrinciple.pdf 5) Barbero, Martin, Starbucks objective: Recapture its initial buzz, Jan 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/30/business/sbux.php 6) Hoovers Database http://premium.hoovers.com/buy in/co/overview.xhtml?ID=ffffrhkchrhhyjjrfk

A Report on the High Cost of College Education in America Essay

A Report on the High Cost of College Education in America - Essay Example 9 October, 10, 2011. Dr. Morgan Bill Joint University students’ association Washington, CO 456007 Dear Mr. Houston: The association is presenting this report, due October, 10, 2011, that was mentioned by the instruction service. The report is entitled the High expense of College Education in America. The motivation behind the report is to advise the partners in the training segment on the significant expense of school educational cost in America which has become a wellspring of debilitation for understudies who might want to have an elevated level of Education. It further stresses on the need chip away at the bringing down of the expense of school educational cost. The substance of this report focuses on the cost of school training which isn't proportional to future pay rates and does not merit all advances and attributes obtained to support instruction. Any inquiries concerning this report can be looked for by reaching Mr. Morgan Bill, the association secretary, at 453-6897. Truly yours, Morgan Bill, Secretary General. Official outline The expense of school training in America has over years progressively gone excessively high. High education cost charges in schools is currently ending up being the most concerning issue confronting undergrads, guardians and supporters. In this hard financial time, understudies and guardians are currently battling a great deal sourcing for assets to meet this significant expense of education cost. This has gone from sourcing school credits from banks and including selling of property resources for support instruction. This pattern has adversely affected on the concerned gatherings to a degree where understudies have nearly lost trust in a superior future. One in number negative effect that has so far been seen is the debilitation it has had on the understudies undertaking different courses in different colleges. It is very obvious from considers led by this group on fruition of school instruction people who graduate bare ly land well-paying positions that coordinate the expense acquired while in school. In addition, a more prominent level of the minimal expenditure earned from these employments wind up being utilized to reimburse the advances that were obtained during school days leaving an insignificant rate for venture. This hence renders a bigger populace of the recently utilized and youthful hustling for as long as they can remember. From these bits of knowledge it is in this way vital to think about the call of the enormous youthful populace and consider a careful audit of the whole expense installment frameworks in universities with goal of bringing down its expense to serve the group of people yet to come. Approach An examined gathering of around 40 understudies from tested colleges and schools in the United States of America were met with a perspective on getting foundation data from the influenced gatherings. Also, different workers who had quite recently finished preparing was tested and m et. The technique chose planned for gathering information that will empower the analysts distinguish the issue and propose expected arrangements. Discoveries The expense of school educational cost for some, universities has after some time become so costly. The cost for school contemplates has neither likened the future pay of those taking the courses nor has it equivalent the advances and numerous credits being spent on education costs. It is subsequently basic to introduce this report as a methods for passing a message of discontent and objection confronting guardians and understudies who pay the consequences to get significant training (Heller, 2001). The most concerning issue for many individuals living in America while joining a school or college is

Film and memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film and memory - Essay Example The response is one which constructs an enthusiastic reaction among watchers to relate explicitly with various occasions ever. The idea of structure and class in injury films for history is characterized as the sort or sort of film that can identify with a given culture. At the point when one uses a particular structure, it can connect with a particular character or association with the individuals who are watching the film. The classification of standard film is one which can be utilized to distinguish explicit classifications and occasions which have happened and which many identify with. While transferring standard occasions inside the class of dramatization or injury, there is the need to make a particular relationship to an occasion where each individual is as of now mindful of. The message of the verifiable occasion additionally needs to interface with ideas, for example, energy or the principle character of the way of life, explicitly which makes a degree of enticement to general society. The trial or avant †garde delineations; nonetheless, can move into occasions with an alternate type of injury or replication of history that is increasingly verifiable and tastefully fitting to a given occasion. In any case, this draws in an alternate gathering of people who are keen on an alternate point of view to the film (Langford, 2005). The delineation of history as one which makes a feeling of enticement to the groups at that point leads into various sorts of spectatorship by watchers. As the scene stands apart with various impacts and style, there is the capacity to make an alternate feeling of history that is recollected by the crowd. For example spatial definitions that happen, for example, longer points of view or close up shots, make an immediate relationship to the watcher. The onlooker is then ready to make a particular comprehension of a given occasion. For example, on the off chance that there is a person who was well †known ever, at that point individual and close shots with the utilization of room are given, all which characterize the

Ethels Chocolate Lounges

Buyers settle on many buying choices consistently. Proficient advertisers need to comprehend what persuades buyers to make a buy. These variables and impacts are various, from wide social and financial patterns to individual contemplations and individual view of items, administrations, brands and companies’ publicizing strategies.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Routine buying choices don't take a lot of time; be that as it may, with increasingly costly items and administrations, shoppers should think about the relative advantages and expenses of each buying other option. If there should be an occurrence of Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges, broad dynamic is the principle kind of client purchasing choices, though customary materialistic qualities and socialization with individuals from the equivalent or higher societal position (upward portability) are th e most striking components influencing shopper ability to remain at Ethel’s. The tale of chocolate houses goes back to the seventeenth century (Anonymous, n.d.). Around then, individuals from society’s first class would utilize them as a spot for get-together and associating in a sumptuous air with a cup of predominant quality hot cocoa (Anonymous n.d.). Today, Ethel’s Chocolate is the organization which saves and appreciates old chocolate conventions; named out of appreciation for Ethel Mars whose spouse established a treats organization in 1911, Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges represent a one of a kind spot, where chocolate is allowed to live new life (Anonymous, n.d.). All buyer purchasing choices can be partitioned into three classes: routine reaction practices, broad dynamic, and constrained dynamic (Lamb et al., 2010). Routine reaction conduct is an example of buyer dynamic most regularly connected with ease and oftentimes bought merchandise (Lamb et al., 2010). Shoppers who settle on routine purchasing choices are not normally mindful of their needs, until they are exposed to promoting and advertising impacts/battles (Lamb et al., 2010). Constrained dynamic suggests that customers know about the item yet have next to zero information on the present brands and item choices accessible in the market (Lamb et al., 2010).Advertising Looking for contextual analysis on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Neither of these purchasing choices depicts the decision to enjoy at Ethel’s. Or maybe, it is through broad dynamic that clients pick or don't decide to associate at Ethel’s. Broad dynamic becomes possibly the most important factor when the item is over the top expensive and customers purchase the item rarely (Lamb et al., 2010). Buyers are effectively engaged with the way toward taking the purchasing choice. However, everything changes. Purchas er purchasing choices are no exemption. Most presumably, with time, buyers who enjoy at Ethel’s will begin to show routine reaction practices, yet not until they acquaint themselves with Ethel’s items and benefits and become acclimated to the examples of the company’s showcasing and promoting methodologies. Various variables influence buyer purchasing choices; these incorporate yet are not restricted to social, social, individual, and mental impacts (Lamb et al., 2010). In the event of Ethel’s, social and social variables produce the most grounded effects on buyer decisions. Ethel’s Lounges give one of a kind chances to supporters, who need to invest their energy in the lap of extravagance; this implies the social estimations of material achievement and individual flexibility, just as optimistic reference gatherings, rouse buyers to pick Ethel’s (Lamb et al., 2010). The unimportant reality that costs at Ethel’s are not for everybody i nfers, that determination and societal position assume a colossal job in how customers settle on their decisions. Numerous buyers decide to be at Ethel’s on the grounds that they can become individuals or if nothing else feel like individuals from the reference bunches they might want to join (Lamb et al., 2010). It is conceivable to accept that most buyers associating at Ethel’s have their salary needs fulfilled; thus, they look to spend their cash on what best relates to their qualities (De Mooij Hofstede, 2002). Lavish and expensive, Ethel’s expands on customary materialistic qualities. All the while, singular elements like sex ought not be ignored: sex influences customer decisions at Ethel’s, and most buyers going to Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges are women.Advertising We will compose a custom contextual investigation test on Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on the examination of purchase r elements and decisions, socialization with different individuals from the equivalent or higher economic wellbeing will, most presumably, become the most striking driver of inspiration among Ethel’s buyers. Most shoppers at Ethel’s display the most trademark highlights of renown looking for practices: they are hoping to have notoriety brands which represent and reaffirm their social gathering participation (Vigneron Johnson, 1999). Since Ethel’s items are neither basic nor schedule/reasonable for most buyers, renown, dependence on social progression, socialization, and acknowledgment will assist the organization with attracting more guests and hold them. Advertising directors at Ethel’s state that getting a charge out of chocolate in an extravagant setting for ladies is equivalent to taking a light lit air pocket shower (Anonymous, n.d.). The primary needs Ethel’s advances to incorporate (1) people’s taking a stab at upward social versatili ty, and (2) Americans’ want to purchase the best for their cash (Anonymous, n.d.). Ethel’s additionally fulfills numerous other shopper needs, including esteem chasing, social acknowledgment and participation, and socialization with individuals from a similar social gathering. Most presumably, the worth got from going to Ethel’s isn't material yet social and enthusiastic. Most Ethel’s guests are ladies, who experience positive feelings basically from being a piece of Ethel’s lavish and lofty network. End Consumers settle on many buying choices consistently. As the rate and force of market rivalry increment, advertisers look to comprehend the primary drivers of buying practices and factors influencing them.Advertising Searching for contextual investigation on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More If there should be an occurrence of Ethel’s Chocolate Lounge, renown chasing, socialization, acknowledgment, and having a place with a higher social layer are the most notable drivers of purchaser purchasing choices. As a general rule, purchasers take part in broad dynamic, until they acquaint themselves with the range and nature of items offered by Ethel’s. For some shoppers, the worth got from visiting Ethel’s isn't material however passionate. Most Ethel’s guests are ladies, who experience positive feelings just from being a piece of Ethel’s sumptuous and renowned network. References Anonymous. (n.d.). Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges. Contextual analysis. De Mooij, M. Hofstede, G. (2002). Intermingling and disparity in shopper behavior: Implications for worldwide retailing. Diary of Retailing, 78, 61-69. Sheep, C.W., Hair, J.F. McDaniel, C. (2010). Promoting. Client version. Bricklayer, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Vigneron, F. Johnso n, L.W. (1999). A survey and a calculated system of notoriety looking for customer conduct. Foundation of Marketing Science Review, 1, 1-14. This contextual analysis on Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges was composed and presented by client Sara L. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

where the red fern grows :: essays research papers

In the story, Billy was strolling home one day when there was a canine battle in the partner and he went to examine to perceive what was happening and there was a lot of dog’s thumping on one pooch so he chose to get included and split it up. They all dissipated away when they saw him coming. The pooch that was getting beat up and was lying on the ground and it was harmed. He went to the canine and saw it was a wonderful dog hound. He additionally saw that the canine wasn’t hurt that terrible, simply terrified.      When Billy was a kid he constantly needed a couple of dog hounds. In any case, as much as he needed a couple of dogs he didn't get them. Once in a while he would hear the neighboring canines calling treed to their lords, and their lords challenging back to them to tell the dog that they were in transit. This urged Billy to need a dog significantly more. His father revealed to him one day that his grandpa needed to see him soon. When he got to his granddad, his granddad disclosed to him that he had seen an advertisement in the paper for some dog hound puppies. So he proceeded to get an old tin can and began placing cash in it that he produced using working in the fields. Throughout the following year he had set aside up enough cash to purchase his dog hound. He climbed over the mountains to the closest town post office in light of the fact that that’s where his pooches where going to be until he gotten them. He got to the mail station and put them in a potato sack pack and set out toward home. His grandpa had given him a coon trap so he could prepare his pooches. He named his pooches Little Anne and Old Dan. When chasing season had come he had his pooches prepared and all set. The principal night they treed their first ringtail coon. He cleaned the coon and took it to his granddad for cash. He gave the cash to his dad. After about a year his canines had gotten truly adept at chasing. The neighboring children felt that their pooches were the best canines. He revealed to them that his pooches could get any coon. So they tested him believing that they would get five dollars out of him.

Seven Golden Secrets of Creative Writing

Seven Golden Secrets of Creative Writing In the following quote, master of horror Stephen King hits the raw nerve of creative writing, the single most important step you need to take in your journey towards literary expression â€" absolute commitment. Without it, you could get lost in the dark, doomed to wander through the long night of literary anonymity like a navigator without a compass or the will to go anywhere.You can approach the act of writing with nervousness, excitement, hopefulness, or even despair… You can come to the act with your fists clenched and your eyes narrowed, ready to kick ass and take down names. You can come to it because you want a girl to marry you or because you want to change the world. Come to it any way but lightly. Let me say it again: you must not come lightly to the blank page.Stephen KingThe blank page represents to great writers what Everest was to Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, what the Apollo 11 moon mission was to Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. It offers an extraordinary journey to the uncharted regions of the imagination, a formidable challenge to the literary spirit of adventure within us. The problem is that writing creatively needs hard work and great commitment, and the vision to see a conclusion. I have developed the acronym W R I T E R S, which I hope will help you along that creative and adventurous road. It embodies seven golden rules of creative writing.W â€" where, who, what, when, whyIf you intend writing a book, a short story or even an essay, know exactly Where you are going. If you dont, you could end up going nowhere. When you know your direction use the other four Ws (Who, What, When, Why) to get there. Sketch a rough plan, just as an artist produces rough brush strokes to begin a work of art, and write down the essential ingredients of your story: the characters (WHO), the plot (WHAT), the direction (WHERE), the period (WHEN), the reasons (WHY).R â€" ResearchAdventure novelist Wilbur Smith, author of dozens of international bestsellers, s pends six months a year researching his subject before putting pen to paper. He then spends the next six months writing the book. Because his novels are usually based on real-life sagas, he manages to blend fiction with reality, giving life, energy and plausibility to his characters. Research your storyline and characters exhaustively. Know far more about your subject than you intend to write.I â€" Images and imaginationOne of the greatest aids to creative writing is the ability to think in images. Before you write it, see it in pictures; and if you can use your senses to strengthen the image, all the better. African locals living near Zambias Victoria Falls call it Mosi oa Tunya â€" the smoke that thunders, a wonderful description evoked by the sight and sound of this wonder of the world. When youre writing about characters, visualize them, hear them, smell them â€" your senses will be great accessories for your descriptions.T â€" TenacityCreative writing is not easy; it requires d iscipline and tenacity. Tenacity means finishing the project at all costs. One quality that separates great authors and the legions of writers of unfinished manuscripts is tenacity â€" the ability to continue even if you think your work will not succeed. James Joyce, whose book the Dubliners was rejected by 22 publishers, went on to write the best-selling English novel of all-time (Ulysses). So even if you think youre failing, carry on. One author I know wrote several books in a cellar. He climbed down a ladder into the cellar every day, his wife pulled up the ladder, and he stayed there writing until his wife let the ladder down later that day. Ive written 11 books and millions of words and it doesnt get easier â€" putting the first word down is like scaling the North face of The Eiger.E â€" EmpathySuccessful writing is all about grabbing the readers attention. Which means your words, characters, dialogue and construction must have empathy. Tie them into your own experiences. This does not mean dull-and-boring, long-winded sentences about yourself. It means incisive originality, directness and raw energy your readers can identify with. Let your writing come from the heart and write it straight. If your words are going to drive you to literary success, make sure theyre firing on all cylinders â€" empathy. Richard Carlson wrote his best-seller Dont Sweat the Small Stuff on a 12-hour Transatlantic flight. The book sold millions of copies because it was empathetic â€" millions around the world identified with his message.R â€" RealityThe great masters of fiction, George Orwell, John Steinbeck, Lewis Carrol and, more recently, Roald Dahl and Harry Potters J. K. Rowling captured the worlds imagination with characters that will live forever. The magic of their writing lies in the reality of their characters. So try to construct your characters with care, affection and detail. Build them up by writing notes about them â€" their personal idiosyncracies, their habits, their loves. When you write, go for the jugular â€" give your readers characters they will love; better still, give them characters drawn from the well of common, everyday human experience.S â€" SimplicityGreat writers know that simplicity is the bedrock of their craft. Short, clear sentences, short paragraphs, uncomplicated, direct constructions, and prose written from the heart are all you need. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway was a simple story about a fisherman and a fish, but it hooked millions of readers. The secret was in the simplicity of the dialogue and narration. Dont use long words to impress, and never be pompous or egotistical. Write with passion, music and simplicity â€" thats the real art of creative writing.

Credit Risk In Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Credit in bank is a contractual agreement in which a borrower receives something of value now and agrees to repay the lender at some later date (Joan Selorm Tsorhe p.6). However, credit risk arises whenever a lender is exposed to loss from a borrower, counterparty, or an obligor who fails to honor their debt obligation as they have agreed or contracted (Colquitt 2007, 1). Credit risk implies that payments may be delayed or ultimately not paid at all, which can in turn cause cash flow problems and affects a banks liquidity. Despite innovation in the financial services sector, credit risk is still the major cause of banks failures (Greuning Bratanovic 2009, 135). Credit risk is faced by banks when a borrower (customer) cannot honoring its debt obligations on due date or at maturity. This risk which is also called counterparty risk is capable of putting the bank in distress if not adequately dealt with. There is always the possibility for a borrower to default from his commitments for one or the other reason; therefore a sound credit risk management framework is indispensable to a healthy and profitable banking institution. 2.2 Credit risk management in banking Banks generate their profit from the spread between the interest rate they charge to borrowers and the interest rate they pay to depositors. The major function of banks has always consisted of lending activities and assessing the credit worthiness of a borrower has always been of utmost importance (Andrew Fight, 2004). In order to generate profit, banks make loan with the aim that the latter will be fully repaid as per the agreement. Therefore banks must ensure that borrowers will be able to repay back their obligations on due date in order to maximize the value of the bank. Banks have to manage credit risk effectively, for them to be profitable and to ensure their survival. Banks can reduce their exposure to credit risk by adopting robust credit risk management methods. Credit risk management is basically the procedures adopted by banks with the aim of reducing or avoiding credit risk. It involves tools, procedures and mechanisms that banks rely on to monitor their lending activities. It involves the identification of potential risks, the measurement of these risks, the appropriate treatment, and the actual implementation of risk models. 2.2.1 Credit risk management strategies The methods for hedging credit risk include (as identified by T. Funso, 2012, pp31-38) but not limited to these: 1. Compliance to Basel Accord: Being able to identify, generate, track and report on risk-related data in an integrated manner, with full auditability and transparency and creates the opportunity to improve the risk management processes of banks. The New Basel Capital Accord places explicitly the responsibility on banks to adopt sound internal credit risk management practices to assess their capital adequacy requirements. 2. Adoption of a sound internal lending policy: Strict adherence to the lending policy is by far the cheapest and easiest method of credit risk management. The lending policy should be in line with the overall bank strategy and the factors considered in designing a lending policy should include; the existing credit policy, industry norms, general economic conditions of the country and the prevailing economic climate. 3. Credit Derivatives: This provides banks with an approach which does not require them to adjust their loan portfolio. Credit derivatives provide banks with a new source of fee income and offer banks the opportunity to reduce their regulatory capital. The commonest type of credit derivative is credit default swap whereby a seller agrees to shift the credit risk of a loan to the protection buyer. Frank Partnoy and David Skeel in Financial Times of 17 July, 2006 said that credit derivatives encourage banks to lend more than they would, at lower rates, to riskier borrowers. Recent innovations in credit derivatives markets have improved lenders abilities to transfer credit risk to other institutions while maintaining relationship with borrowers. 4. Credit Securitization: It is the transfer of credit risk to a factor or insurance firm and this relieves the bank from monitoring the borrower and fear of the hazardous effect of classified assets. This approach insures the lending activity of banks. The growing popularity of credit risk securitization can be put down to the fact that banks typically use the instrument of securitization to diversify concentrated credit risk exposures and to explore an alternative source of funding by realizing regulatory arbitrage and liquidity improvements when selling securitization transactions. A cash collateralized loan obligation is a form of securitization in which assets (bank loans) are removed from a banks balance sheet and packaged (tranched) into marketable securities that are sold on to investors via a special purpose vehicle. 5. Credit Bureau: This is an institution which compiles information and sells this information to banks as regards the lending profile of a borrower. The bureau awards credit score called statistical odd to the borrower which makes it easy for banks to make instantaneous lending decision. An example of credit bureau in Mauritius is the Mauritius Credit Information Bureau. Traditional methods of controlling credit risk 1. Screening and monitoring: Adverse selection in loan market requires the lenders screen out the bad credit from the good ones so that loans are profitable to them. Once a loan has been made, the banks has to monitor or follow up the borrowers activities. 2. Long-term Customer Relationship: if the borrower has borrowed previously from the bank, the bank has a record of the loan payments. This reduces the costs of information collection and makes it easier to screen out bad credit risks. Long-term relationship enables banks to deal with even unanticipated moral hazard contingencies. 3. Collateral Requirements: is an important credit risk management tool. Collateral, which is properly promised to the lender as compensation if the borrower defaults, it lesser the lenders losses in the case of a loan default. 4. Credit Rationing: is one way of credit risk management that refers refusing to make loans even though borrowers are willing to pay the stated interest rate or even a higher rate. 5.Know Your Customer principle: ÂÂ  refers toÂÂ  due diligence activities thatÂÂ  financial institutionsÂÂ  and other regulatedÂÂ  companiesÂÂ  must perform to ascertain relevant information from their clients for the purpose of doing business with them. Banks must be fully aware of the repaying capacity of borrowers. 2.3 Basel II framework in Mauritius Basel Accords is the most famous international legislation worldwide. Basle II is implemented in Mauritius since end March 2008 with the Bank of Mauritius having issued several Guidelines in line with the principles set up by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). Its objective is to maintain an adequate level of Capital Adequacy Ratio, and to improve quantitative risk measurement and risk management across banks (Mauritius Bankers Association Limited, 2008). This international standard helps to ensure proper capital regulations in all banks and make provisions for enhanced risk management practices, which is of great help for banks. Basel II is comprised of three pillars as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Source: (BCBS) Generally, banks can expect to experience losses and these are: Expected Losses (EL): perceived as cost of business undertaking by financial institutions; Unexpected Losses (UL): losses above expected level when banks anticipate their occurrence though the timing and severity cannot be known beforehand. A few portions of unexpected losses might be absorbed by the interest rate charged on credit exposure although market will not support adequate prices to cover all unexpected losses. Loss Given Default (LGD): the amount of fund that bank can lose when the borrower defaults on a loan (BCBS, 2006). In order to cover the risks of these losses, banks need to hold enough capital. Basel II distinguishes between two methods to measure credit risk: The Standardised Approach and the Internal Rating Based (IRB) Approach. The latter can be further divided into two approaches namely the Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach and the Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach. The Internal Rating Based Approach is more sophisticated than the Standardised Approach while the Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach is the most sophisticated Approach within the IRB methods. 2.4 Banking credit risk management guidelines in Mauritius The Bank of Mauritius recognizes that credit constitutes by far the largest part of a financial institutions business in Mauritius and its mismanagement can pose a serious threat to the institutions continued existence, with resulting impacts on the interests of depositors and other stakeholders. Therefore it imposes guidelines which banks in Mauritius must abide with. 2.4.1 Establishment of a credit risk policy Banks have the obligation to establish a written policy that includes principles and objectives governing their willingness to accept credit risk, establish the areas of credit in which they are willing to engage and those in which they are refusing to engage. The policy must define the levels of authority to approve credits, establish prudent limits on the financial institutions exposure to credit risk and on the concentration of credit risk in different areas of the institutions credit portfolio; and defines the accountabilities of the chief executive officer to the board of directors. 2.4.2 Responsibilities and Accountabilities of the Board of Directors The board of directors is responsible for reviewing and approving a banks credit risk strategy and policies. Each bank should develop a strategy that sets the objectives of its credit-granting activities and adopt the necessary policies and procedures for conducting such activities. 2.4.3 Responsibilities and Accountabilities of Chief Executive Officer The chief executive officer shall develop a soundly based credit risk management policy for approval by the board of directors. The latter must ensure clearly documented delegation of credit approval authority of management personnel and committees, and also ensure that the board approved credit risk management policy is implemented in its true spirit, using strictly and exclusively prudential credit appraisal criteria and considerations and not influenced by any extraneous factors. Also it must install adequate internal controls, covering the entire credit spectrum, ensure implementation of an effective internal inspection/audit function. 2.4.4 Conduct Review and Risk Policy Committee The function of the committee would be to assist the board in discharging its responsibilities in the area of credit risk management. 2.4.5 Credit Risk Management Process Credit risk management process should cover the entire credit cycle starting from the origination of the credit in a financial institutions books to the point the credit is extinguished from the books. It should provide for sound practices in: Credit Processing/Appraisal: it is the stage where detailed and authentic information from application forms on credit, is gathered and screened in order to determine the types of credit that are acceptable. Then banks assess customers ability to meet its obligations and this usually includes assessing their collaterals and guarantees. Credit-approval/Sanction: approval authorities will cover new credit approvals, renewals of existing credits, and changes in terms and conditions of previously approved credits, particularly credit restructuring, all of which should be fully documented and recorded. Credit Documentation: documentation is an essential part of the credit process and is required for each phase of the credit cycle, including credit application, credit analysis, credit approval, credit monitoring, collateral valuation, impairment recognition, foreclosure of impaired loan and realization of security. The format of credit files must be standardized and files neatly maintained with an appropriate system of cross-indexing to facilitate review and follow-up. Credit Administration: financial institutions must ensure that their credit portfolio is properly administered, that is, loan agreements are duly prepared, renewal notices are sent systematically and credit files are regularly updated. Disbursement: when the credit is approved, the customer should be advised of the terms and conditions of the credit by way of a letter of offer. The duplicate of this letter should be duly signed and returned to the institution by the customer. The facility disbursement process should start only upon receipt of this letter and should involve, inter alia, the completion of formalities regarding documentation, the registration of collateral, insurance cover in the institutions favour and the vetting of documents by a legal expert. Under no circumstances shall funds be released prior to compliance with pre-disbursement conditions and approval by the relevant authorities in the financial institution. Monitoring and Control of Individual Credits: A proper credit monitoring system provide the basis for taking prompt corrective actions when warning signs point to a deterioration in the financial health of the borrower. Examples of such warning signs include unauthorised drawings, arrears in capital and interest and a deterioration in the borrowers operating environment. Financial institutions must have a system in place to formally review the status of the credit and the financial health of the borrower. It must also include a review of up-to-date information of the borrower. Monitoring the Overall Credit Portfolio (Stress Testing): it is the analysis of what could potentially go wrong with individual credits and the overall credit portfolio if conditions/environment in which borrowers operate change significantly. The results of this analysis should then be factored into the assessment of the adequacy of provisioning and capital of the institution. Such stress analysis can reveal previously undetected areas of potential credit risk exposure that could arise in times of crisis. The results must serve as an important input into a review of credit risk management framework and setting limits and provisioning levels. Classification of credit: Credit classification process grades individual credits in terms of the expected degree of recoverability. Banks must have in place the processes and controls to implement the board approved policies, which will, in turn, be in accord with the proposed guideline. They should have appropriate criteria for credit provisioning and write off. Up until the time the proposed guideline comes into effect, the existing guideline on credit classification will continue to apply. Managing Problem Credits/Recovery: A banks credit risk policy should clearly set out how problem credits are to be managed. It involves following all aspects of the problem credit, including rehabilitation of the borrower, restructuring of credit, monitoring the value of applicable collateral, scrutiny of legal documents, and dealing with receiver/manager until the recovery matters are finalized. Banks must put in place systems to ensure that management is kept advised on a regular basis on all developments in the recovery process. Management Information Systems: The feasibility and effectiveness of the various requirements of the credit risk management framework depend, in large measure, on the adequacy of management information systems in a financial institution. The information generated by management information systems enables the board and management to fulfill their respective oversight roles, including the adequate level of capital that the institution should be carrying. The quality, detail and timeliness of information respecting the composition and soundness of credit portfolio, are critical to credit risk management. A well functioning information system would permit credit exposures approaching risk limits to be identified and brought to the timely attention of management and the board. Also, the systems design can throw out information on concentration of risks within the credit portfolio, including concentration in maturity streams, enabling management to take remedial action in a timely manner. 2.5 Capital Adequacy Ratio Ebhodaghe (1991) defines capital adequacy as a situation where the adjusted capital is sufficient to absorb all losses and cover fixed assets of the bank leaving a comfortable surplus for the current operation and future expansion. Capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a ratio of a banks capital to its risk. The presence of capital adequacy regulations ensures that banks will hold enough capital so that it can act as a cushion in case of losses, to ensure survival of banks. Therefore, banks in Mauritius compute composite Capital adequacy Ratio, encompassing both credit risk and operational risk. They are required to maintain a minimum composite Capital Adequacy Ratio of 10 per cent which is above the minimum 8 per cent prescribed by BCBS. For the purpose of calculating the CAR, the capital of a bank is divided into two tiers (levels): Core Capital (Tier 1) and Supplementary Capital (Tier 2). mbox{CAR} = cfrac{mbox{Tier 1 capital + Tier 2 capital}}{mbox{Risk weighted assets}} (Source: Wikipedia) 2.6 Nonperforming loan A loan is nonperforming when it is not earning income and, full payment of principal and interest is no longer anticipated, principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent, or the maturity date has passed and payment in full has not been made. The problem of non-performing loans (NPLs) has gained increasing importance because large amount of NPLs can lead to bank failure. Dermirgue-Kunt(1989) found that failing banking institutions always have high level of NPLs prior to failure. Brewer et al. (2006) use NPLR as a strong economic indicator. Efficient credit risk management supports the fact that lower NPLR is associated with lower risk and lower deposit rate. However it also implies that in long run, relatively high deposit rate increases the deposit base in order to fund relatively high risk loans and consequently increases possibility of NPLR. Therefore, the allocation of the available fund and its risk management heavily depend on how the credit risk is handled and diversified to decrease the NPL amount. NPL is a probability of loss that requires provision. Provision amount is accounting amount which can be further, if the necessity rises, deducted from the profit. Therefore, high NPL amount increases the provision amount which in turn reduces the profit. NPLs lead to unprofitable banks. The eradication of NPLs is important to improve bank performance. Non Performing Loan Ratio (NPLR) is defined as NPLs divided by Total Loans (TLs). 2.6 Banks profitability and its measurement Like all businesses, banks generate their profit by earning more money than they spend in their expenses. Banks generate the major portion of their profit from the fees they charge for their services and the interest they earn on their assets. Their major expense is the interest they pay for their liabilities (deposits). The major assets of a bank are its loans to individuals, businesses, and other organizations and the securities it holds, while its major liabilities are its deposits and the money that it borrows, either from other banks or by selling commercial paper in the money market. And the profitability of any business can be measured through return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). At the beginning, many banks used a purely accounting-driven approach and focused on the measurement of NI, for example, the calculation of ROA. However, this approach does not consider the risks related to the referred assets, for instance, the underling risks of the transactions, and also with the growth of off-balance sheet activities. Thus the riskiness of underlying assets becomes more and more important. Gradually, the banks notice that equity has become the scarce resource. Thereby, banks turn to focus on the ROE to measure the net profit to the book equity in order to find out the most profitable business and to do the investment (Gerhard.S, 2002). Mostly ROE is used to measure the profitability of banks. The efficiency of the banks can be evaluated by applying ROE, since it shows that banks reinvest its earnings to generate future profit. The growth of ROE may also depend on the capitalization of the banks and operating profit margin. If a bank is highly capitalized through the risk-weighted capital adequacy ratio (RWCAR) or Tier 1 capital adequacy ratio (CAR), the expansion of ROE will be retarded. However, the increase of the operating margin can smoothly enhance the ROE45. ROE also hinges on the capital management activities. If the banks use capital more efficiently, they will have a better financial leverage and consequently a higher ROE. Because a higher financial leverage multiplier indicates that banks can leverage on a smaller base of stakeholders fund and produce higher interest bearing assets leading to the optimization of the earnings.46 On the contrary, a rise in ROE can also reflect increased risks because high risk might bring more profits. This means ROE does not only go up by increasing returns or profit but also grows by taking more debt which brings more risk. Thus, positive ROE does not only repres ent the financial strength. Risk management becomes more and more significant in order to ensure sustainable profits in banks (R. Alton Gilbert and David C. Wheelock, 2007). 2.7 Relationship between credit risk management and bank performance As per different researchers and authors, Credit risk is the most significant of all risks in terms of size of potential losses. As the extension of credit has always been at the core of banking operation, the focus of banks risk management has been credit risk management. When banks manage their risk better, they will get advantage to increase their performance (return). Better risk management indicates that banks operate their activities at lower relative risk and at lower conflict of interests between parties. (Anthony M. Santomero, 1997) The advantages of implementing better risk management lead to better banks performance. Better bank performance increases their reputation and image from public or market point of view. The banks also get more opportunities to increase the productive assets, leading to higher bank profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Therefore, Effective credit risk management should be a critical component of a banks overall risk management strategy and is essential to the long-term success of any banking organization. It becomes more and more significant in order to ensure sustainable profits in banks.

The Debate Over The Gun Control - 892 Words

One of the most debated and talked about issues going on today concerns gun control. There are many different aspects being brought up with concern to gun control. One of the biggest this past year especially here in Texas is the issue of allow-ing conceal carry on college campuses. College campuses are usually gun free zones, but with so many shootings happening on campuses some want to be allowed to carry. A lot of people are for infringing upon a person’s constitutional right to life and liberty and self-protection. They claim it will lead to more shootings. Starting in August, Texas will join seven other states in allowing hand guns on campus (Alford). The people that oppose conceal carry on campus believe this law will just open the door for more shootings on campus. Arguments against conceal carry on campus seem to hinge on that it is a different environment oppose to off campus (Welch). Clovis Community College president Becky Rowley has stated â€Å"the concern about a higher potential of an accident occurring due to jumpy students when feeling threatened† (Johnson). Additionally, some students will feel less safe knowing there is a chance someone in their class is carrying. If they feel unsafe and worried that any point someone may begin shooting, then they will not be able to concentrate on what they are actually there to do, get an education. This is very emotional topic; of where students are supposed to feel safe while getting and education, but the thoughtShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Gun Control1210 Words   |  5 Pagesnot be involved in gun control. The second amendment to the United state s constitution says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Is this not enough can the bill of rights say this anymore clear. Many might state that the way this statement is worded is the point of debate and it should be interpreted differently. This is the root of all the hot debate over gun control. Does the constitutionRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1522 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate over gun control in America continues to trouble politicians to this day. According to the constitution, the second amendment gives us the right to bear arms (U.S. Const.). Many different interpretations of what precisely the amendment means exist in this country. However, the two main sides include pro gun control and against gun control. In this paper, we will weigh the pros and cons of both sides and with any luck approach a conclusion on what side performs a superior job. People interpretRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control3031 Words   |  13 PagesOne major cause of heated debate in the United States is the contrasting stands on gun control. This one subject has a nation divided on a very serious topic that saves and takes lives. On the one hand, those for gun control argue a case against increasing gun violence in everyday life. Those that are against gun control argue that it is in an individual’s right to own and possess guns. It is a matter of liberty and a right to bear arms and a necessity of self-protection. The problem with bothRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control889 Words   |  4 Pagesschool gangs, physical attacks, and fatalities involved with guns. School shootings have been on the rise over the past several years. To bring awareness to school violence, teachers, staff, and parents need to be further trained in noticing warning signs of depression and anger issues which may lead to bullying and disrespectful learning environments for all parties. In addition to awareness within schools, the debate over gun control has been a topic discussed for many years in hopes to curb schoolRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1156 Words   |  5 Pagesyou have kept up with all the controversy in the news, then it is surely fair to assume that you have an opinion over gun control. Gun control is a big deal because with so many people having them it can make individuals feel unsafe to leave their home or possibly even be in their homes. There is also the fear that individuals possess on the other end of the spectrum that if their guns are taken, how they will protect themselves from people whom wish to harm them. These questions and concerns riseRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of gun control has become very popular in recent years as there is now more controversy than ever about the role that guns play in today’s world. I have come to be interested in this topic because it seems like not a day goes by anymore where there isn’t a newspaper published with an article slandering either the pro or anti gun control activists. Going into this topic, I was assuming that I would end up reading about a lot of school shootings and h ow it is just guns that are causingRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control939 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Close your eyes and relax. Imagine that you are in a time of 236 years ago, and imagine that you are one of the few people that had the privilege of writing the country’s constitution. It would not take long until you get to the second amendment. This amendment reads â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (Davis). This amendment has extreme importance, and should not beRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control925 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control is a hot debate topic, where people have been divided into two different viewpoints. The majority of states has supported their colleges to carry guns in case of a mass shootout. While the majority of liberal and democratic oppose carrying guns onto school property. Some states such as Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Mississippi has already passed the law to allowed students to carry c oncealed weapons on campuses to protect themselves from unwanted mass shootersRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control929 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control in the United States The debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right for American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation on this (Hofstadter 10). They argueRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Gun Control1274 Words   |  6 Pages These people believe this because of the part of the Second Amendment that states, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed.† People who are strong advocates against gun control use this part of the Second Amendment to drive their point across. Advocates against gun control believe that preserving the freedom of a state through a militia is not the only way it should be looked at, these people believe that the amendment also implies a clause that ta kes into account ones

Mental Illness Is A Taboo Topic - 918 Words

Mental illness is a taboo topic. We don’t like to believe being crazy is normal yet we all struggle with our brain chemistry being a bit off. For those who are not so fortunate, I would like to discuss the conditions of asylums. George Georgiou visually touched bas of the conditions for three psychiatric institutions in Kosova and Serbia during 1999 and 2002. The project was done after the Nato attack on Serbia on March 24,1999. The Between the Lines project was to display some of the effects of the war such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Georgiou’s phot from â€Å"Between the Lines† project expresses the conditions some of the patients suffered from lack of experience and attentiveness by staff. Many Civilians suffered from PTSD†¦show more content†¦Serbian’s hospital conditions made the realities for survivors a bit more fearful and traumatic. In Georgiou’s photo it brings a poignant reality in the psychiatric institutions of Serbia during the turn of the century in early 2000’s. The interesting effect of the photo is the loss of identity, as if dehumanizing the patient will cause less care to deal with. It’s strange to find the room to be barren. The patients were to be left alone in rooms to reduce harm to others and themselves. Although, the treatment would cause more trauma rather than help the patient. The patient’s expression is revealing to agony and fear suffered from lack of care and treatment. Speckled tiles repeat in the room not only to make the room look barren but, to reduce stimulus in case the patient was hallucinating. Restraints are used preventing the patient from any type of harm. The patient being tied to the pipe shows how poor the institutions is that any room could be used. The reason for no binaries is the room itself is empty to help release stress the patient may have from situations regarding the patients or staff members. The rugged isolation of the rooms shows the importance of proper treatment and care. The patient being wrapped in a sheet, tied to a pipe is significant representation of the psychiatric hospitals conditions. The sheet confining the patient brings struggle to the mind. The physical restriction can show the restraint of theShow MoreRelatedDepression And Its Effects On Mental Illness1070 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties consider mental health a topic of taboo in today’s society. Due to the lack of education and conversation about mental illnesses and how to properly handle them, many people are ignorant to the subject. Depression, in particular, is an incredibly common disorder and, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), about 1 in 5 adults are diagnosed with a mental disorder (3). A mind-baffling number, one in five adults, proves the prevalence of mental illness. To others, depressionRead MoreThe Inclusion Of Education On Mental Illness1461 Words   |  6 PagesArguing For the Inclusion of Education on Mental Illness Mental illness affects millions of people around the world. What is surprising, however, is the lack of public information and education about mental illness. With the amount of undiagnosed mental illnesses and disorders as well as the number of suicide attempts that occur daily, it should become a priority for the education system to introduce public classes on mental illness for not just adults or teens but for younger children as well. EducatingRead MoreMorgan Hobbs. Mr. Bertelsen. English Iii. 22 February 2017.817 Words   |  4 PagesBertelsen English III 22 February 2017 Stigma of Mental Illnesses â€Å"Come find me when you decide to not have a broken arm.† â€Å"You don’t look like you have a terminal disease. 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This topic is a taboo among todays society, its seen as something shamed to talk about however from ignoring this topic it lets the opportunity of knowledge for young people to understand that there is a way to get help and that theyre not alone. almost 3000 people commit suicide everyday between the years of 1952 and 1995 the suicide rates almost tripled and 90% of those have some sort of mental disorder or substance abuse problem and 15% of thoseRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 PagesAll throughout history there has been a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. The story was an embellished version her own struggle with what was most likely post-partum depression. As the story progresses, one can see that she is not receiving proper treatment for her depression and thus it is getting worse. Gilman uses the wallpaper and what she seesRead MoreThe Insanity Plea Is A Fair And Logical Plea For A Crime982 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial considering that a person must lack either morals (from having brain d amage and or an intellectual impairment) or have been diagnosed with a mental disorder when the crime happened causing them the inability to follow the law (Rubinstein, 2013). Some people may look at the insanity defense and feel that it is not fair regardless of mental health that a person can be allowed to plead not guilty and get away with a crime they been proven to have committed or get a less severe punishment. DoRead MoreMental Illness And Its Stigma1363 Words   |  6 PagesMental Illness and Its Stigma â€Å"One in five adults in America experience mental illness,† (Mental Health, n.d., para 1). Many people define mental illness as a characteristic that makes one irrational or delusional and derives a belief that those who have mental disorders are not suffering from a real disease, resulting in a negative view of those who suffer. There are three ways to defy this stigma that everyone, from media producers to the sufferers themselves, must participate in to break downRead MoreMental Illness Is A Taboo Subject834 Words   |  4 PagesMental Illness Mental illness can be a taboo subject, and people learn different facets of it by different means. I was first introduced to basic concepts of mental illness during my high school years. At that time, I had a very close friend who suffered from depression. She confided in me that she was considering suicide. Shortly after our talk, I called her mother because I believed that her disclosure wasn’t a spontaneous, knee-jerk statement but a true threat to my wonderful friend. 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Reflection On Time Management - 1300 Words

ResEd Final Reflection In RE102 I learned a lot of valuable life skills in a wide variety of areas. We covered the important topics of communication, decision making, conflict resolution, time management, stress management, resumes, online self, healthy relationships, and sexual assault/consent. From general tips to the more serious issues such as sexual assault, this class has prepared me for many important life situations. Specific to NCSSM, skills such as stress and time management will help me be able to succeed and remain happy at this rigorous school. One of the topics I found interesting was our unit on Time Management. This included some ways to classify time that I had not thought about before. For example, the idea that all†¦show more content†¦With the information I learned about what quadrant tasks fall under, I will set priorities about which tasks (quadrant one) I will complete first. I will also be able to recognize which activities I need to remove (quadrant three) and limit (quadrant four). During times in which I have a lot of deadlines coming up, I will prioritize assignments more effectively. With the personality information I learned in this class, I will work on avoiding my weaknesses in the future. Since those for a Driver are a reluctance to ask for help and to work in a group setting, I will make sure to recognize when I need help and to ask for it when I do. I will also try to work better in a group setting and carry less of the load upon myself. This will help me have better time management for group projects. For myself, I have realized that in order for me to avoid procrastination, I have to get the easiest tasks out of the way first. Otherwise, if I am trying to start with the large essay for example, I will be distracted and constantly switch back and forth between the easier tasks. There is also some scientific evidence that shows doing an easy task first will allow you to be mentally prepared for the harder tasks. A very important technical skill I learned from this course was how to craft a successful resumà ©. Some of the information was as simple as what font to use but I found it very interesting how important these small pieces were. Some of the mostShow MoreRelatedReflection On Time Management881 Words   |  4 Pagespiece of reflection will focus on my progress and experiences during my placement in Campbelltown Hospital Medical E ward. I will be using the Gibbs 1988 model of reflection (Gibbs, 1988). This cycle helped me to reflect in a structured and effective way. The sub ject of this paper will reflect on my time management skills whilst maintaining the necessary standards of practice at all times (NMBA, 2016). During my first and second week of placement, I had some difficulty with my time management. The reasonRead MoreTime Management Reflection1104 Words   |  5 PagesTime Management Reflection Paper The consequences of improper time management based on my past experiences have taught me that proper time management is of fundamental importance for both personal and professional success. Time is a valuable resource and once lost cannot be regained. The fact is we all wished we had more than twenty four hours each day, however, since this is not possible, the only solution to this dilemma is the proper utilization of time which is absolutely crucial. One of theRead MoreReflection On Time Management1081 Words   |  5 PagesTime management seems to be an issue that many people struggle with. It is important to learn to balance work, school, and familial responsibilities. I plan to utilize any free time to work on school work, implementing Pareto’s Law, and looking at the big picture. Recently, a friend and I were planning our annual summer trip, which is the only time we see each other each year. I told her that there is only one weekend in which I will not be in the middle of school. She responded by saying, â€Å"That’sRead MoreReflection Paper On Time Management733 Words   |  3 PagesThis semester I learned a lot about the management process that takes place in healthcare organizations. The five concepts that resonated with me, along with how I feel they fit with the storyboard above are: planning, time management, organizing, staffing, controlling. Firstly, when I look at this picture I can see the fog and the lamp post. The reason I chose planning is because the benefit of planning allows the healthcare organizations’ goals to be organized and you can document the expectationsRead MoreLearning Styles, Time Management And Reflection1989 Words   |  8 Pageswill aid the author to develop both in life, and in higher education. 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Oprah Winfrey Essay - 1283 Words

Desiree N. Calderon Mr.Jalloh May 15, 2002 Pd.1 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. She has stated that she is a woman in progress, just trying like everyone else. Taking every conflict and every experience and learning from it. Oprah Winfrey has risen from poverty and a troubled youth to become the most powerful and influential woman in television and according to Forbes Magazine, then worlds most highly paid†¦show more content†¦The goal was to make a record-breaking salary such as Barbara Walters with her one million dollars a year. Oprah approached her new job with typical gusto. But WJZs management frowned on Oprahs habit of spontaneous reporting and her refusal to read the news copy ahead of time. The lack of preparation resulted in mistakes. She would mispronounce words and bad grammar. Things did not work out there so the company decided to send Oprah to get a makeover. She was sent to a salon in New York an d received a perm that made her hair come out. She was also sent to a speech coach, it was there that she received the best advice of her life. The speech coach told Oprah that she had to have more self-determination and positive attitude and to quit being so nice. Oprahs next job was reading cut-ins on ABCs Good Morning America Show. In addition WJZ-TV assigned her as a reporter covering tragedies. After this Oprah was placed to host their talk show People Are Talking, to her this show was considered a demotion. People Are Talking created a change for Oprah. She realized this is what she wanted to do all along. It allowed her to relax and be herself. In a few years the shows popularity passed that of the Phil Donahue Show. In 1984, Oprah took a risk at hosting a Chicago morning talk show. She received a $200,000 a year salary and a four-year unbreakable contract. Her show was groundbreaking. What made her show so great was that she was able/unafraid to bareShow MoreRelatedOprah, By Oprah Gail Winfrey1340 Words   |  6 Pagesany enterprise especially a business. Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko Mississippi. When is was born her name was supposed to (Marks-Ellis, 2008) Orpah but they spelled it Oprah on her birth certificate. Oprah Winfrey is an Actress, Philanthropist (which is a person who promote the welfare of others), Publisher, and a Producer. Oprah Winfrey has built an empire of her own to connect and to inspire her audience. On January 1, 2011, Oprah announces the debut of her first televisionRead MoreOprah Winfrey is a Hero672 Words   |  3 Pagesmyths and legends. Most showed generous behavior, even if it was not obvious until the lesson was learned. Oprah Winfrey is one of the most generous people of our time. I believe Oprah Winfrey is a hero because she uses her past experiences to inform, support, and help others, uses her money, fame, and time to help people, and shows incredible emotional and spiritual strength. Oprah Gail Winfrey grew up in a small farming community. A nineteen year old male cousin raped her when she was nine. She wasRead MoreOprah Winfrey3482 Words   |  14 PagesEvents in Singapore and Asia It is unbelievable the amount of influence that Oprah Winfrey has had over the lives of millions of people all over the world. She has become a demi-god in America. There are people who are ready to worship the ground over which she walks. She has lived the Great American dream, a veritable tale of rags to riches with the right amount of glamor added to it. 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Overcoming a life of hardship, Oprah leaped over all obstacles to become one of the richest and most successf ul self-made women in history. Her career started at a news station in Nashville where she became the first African American co-anchor. She dropped out of college her senior year to move to Baltimore to co-anchor the nightly news in Baltimore. Although reading theRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Winfrey1946 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey Very few people are able to be recognized by their first name only: Oprah Winfrey is one of them. Oprah once shared what her formula for success is to Ladies Home Journal magazine, she said â€Å"Follow your instinct, that’s where true wisdom manifests itself†. Little did the parents of a little baby girl born as ‘Oprah’ Gail Winfrey know what the path ahead would lead for her. On January 29, 1954, Oprah was born to the parents Vernita Lee and Vernon Winfrey. However, they were unmarriedRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Gail Winfrey3576 Words   |  15 PagesMay 2015 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey, was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her birth name was originally Orpah, from the Bible, but there was much confusion in the spelling and pronunciation (Notablebiographies.com). For this reason, she was known as Oprah almost from birth. For the most part, she was raised by her grandmother Hattie Mae Lee because her mother, Vernita Lee, and father, Vernon Winfrey, separated almost immediately after her birth. Incidentally, Winfrey becameRead More Oprah Winfrey Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood, that was her world of common day, to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. â€Å"The fact that Oprah Winfrey is also black and a woman makes her rags to richesRead MoreThe Life Of Oprah Winfrey1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Oprah Winfrey, Media Superstar Nelson, Ken. â€Å"Biography for Kids: Oprah Winfrey.† Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI), Apr. 2016. Web. 28 Apr. 2016. Oprah Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her mother’s name was Vernita Lee and her father’s name was Vernon Winfrey. Her name originally was going to be Orpah (a Moab who was mentioned in the Book of Ruth), but was accidentally misspelled on her birth certificate. At a young age Oprah’s mom moved to Milwaukee,Read MoreEssay on OPRAH WINFREY1261 Words   |  6 PagesOprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. 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Types Of Language Learning Strategies Education Essay Free Essays

Chapter 4 Introduction This chapter focuses on the findings obtained from the information collected through the study. Respondents of the study were the ADFP and ACTP pupils of the American Degree Programme in INTEC, UiTM Shah Alam. The informations collected were analyzed utilizing the SPSS package bundle version 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Types Of Language Learning Strategies Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0. The findings are presented based on the research inquiries in chapter 1: What are the acquisition schemes used by the respondents? What is the degree of college self-efficacy among the respondents? What is the degree of academic accomplishment among the respondents? What is the relationship between larning schemes and self efficaciousness on academic accomplishment? What is the part of each discrepancy of independent variable towards academic accomplishment? Table 4.1 Demographic Background of respondents harmonizing to gender and ethnicity ( n=285 ) Respondents Profile Frequency ( n ) Percentage ( % ) Gender Male 162 56.8 Female 123 43.2 Ethnicity Malay 138 48.4 Chinese 91 31.9 Indian 31 10.9 Others 25 8.8 Entire 285 100 Table 4.1 presents the demographic information of the respondents involved in this survey. More male pupils participated in the survey with a per centum of 56.8 % compared to 43.2 % who were female pupils. On another class of ethnicity, Malay pupils were the chief respondents in this survey with a per centum of 48.4 % while Chinese pupils comprised about 31.9 % of the entire sample. Another 10.9 % of the respondents are of Indian ethnicity while the concluding 8.8 % are of other ethnics. Table 4.2 Descriptive Analysis of Types of Language Learning Schemes Types of Language Learning Mean Std. Deviation Schemes Memory Schemes 2.8612 0.5866 Cognitive Schemes 3.4639 0.4853 Compensation Strategies 3.4515 0.6241 Metacognitive Schemes 3.5789 0.6301 Affectional Schemes 2.8117 0.6833 Social Strategies 3.6439 0.6924 Table 4.2 presents the informations on the types of linguistic communication acquisition schemes used by the respondents. The findings show that most respondents use Social Schemes ( M= 3.6439, SD= 0.692411 ) followed by Metacognitive Strategies ( M= 3.5789, SD= 0.63011 ) and eventually Cognitive Schemes ( M= 3.4639, SD= 0.48529 ) . From the findings, it can be inferred that the respondents benefit the most from utilizing societal schemes, metacognitive schemes and cognitive schemes in their procedure of linguistic communication acquisition. This means that in footings of utilizing societal schemes, the respondents learn linguistic communication best through inquiring inquiries in category, collaborating with others who are adept in the linguistic communication and sympathizing with others for illustration, through developing cultural apprehension. In other words, these respondents learn best when socialising with others in the mark linguistic communication. The findings besides revealed that the respondents who uses metacognitive schemes. This means that respondents using metacognitive schemes tend to focus on their acquisition for illustration associating new cognition with what they already know, set uping and be aftering their acquisition and ego measuring themselves in their acquisition advancement. In short, these scholars plan out their learning advancement and associate their new cognition to old schemes. Respondents practising cognitive schemes in larning the mark linguistic communication tend to utilize patterns for illustration utilizing expressions and forms or concentrate on the chief thought of a message when reading a text. These scholars are besides prone to make a batch of analysis and do logical thinking for illustration by analysing looks and eventually create construction in footings of either having input or end product for illustration taking notes. Table 4.3 Descriptive Analysis of Domains of College Self Efficacy Spheres of Mean Std. Deviation College Self Efficacy Course Self Efficacy 6.9464 1.3234 Roommate Self Efficacy 7.6044 1.2662 Social Self Efficacy 6.8097 1.3726 The findings in table 4.3 shows that respondents have high ego efficaciousness when covering with roomie ego efficaciousness ( M= 7.6044, SD= 1.2662 ) followed by class ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.9464, SD= 1.3234 ) and societal ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.8097, SD= 1.3726 ) . The findings indicate that the respondents are more confident in tie ining with their roomies and finishing undertaking related to their surveies. However societal wise, the findings shows that the respondents are less confident about themselves socialising in major module events or in their interpersonal accomplishments with others such as doing new friends. Table 4.4 Distribution and Percentage of Respondents ‘ Cumulative Grade Point Average ( CGPA ) Accumulative Grade Frequency ( N ) Percent ( % ) Point Average ( CGPA ) Low ( A ; lt ; 2.49 ) 2 7 Moderate ( 2.50 – 3.49 ) 217 76.1 High ( 3.50 – 4.00 ) 66 23.2 Entire 285 100 Table 4.4 studies on the degree of academic accomplishment of the respondents. From the information, it shows that a bulk of the respondents have mean academic accomplishment with a per centum of 76.1 % runing from 2.50 – 3.49. 23.2 % of respondents have high CCPA runing from 3.50 – 4.00. The staying 7 % have low academic accomplishment runing from less than 2.49. This findings show that the bulk of respondents from the American Degree Programme have moderate scope of CGPA. Table 4.5 Correlation Matrix between Types of Language Learning Strategies on Academic Achievement Language Learning Schemes Memory Schemes -0.236** Cognitive Schemes 0.098 Compensation Schemes 0.082 Metacognitive Schemes 0.092 Affectional Schemes -0.324** Social Strategies 0.130* ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 4.5 shows the relationship of linguistic communication larning schemes on academic accomplishment. By utilizing Pearson Correlation to find strength of the relationship between the independent variables and academic accomplishment, it was found there are three schemes that show correlativity with academic accomplishment which are associated with academic accomplishment. Those linguistic communication larning schemes are Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and Social Strategies. The relationship between Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and academic accomplishment shows a negative and really weak relationship with their R and P values ( r= -0.236 p= 0.000, r= -0.324 p= 0.000 ) severally. This suggests that the more the respondents use both Memory and Affective Strategies in their linguistic communication acquisition, the lower their academic accomplishment would be. On another note, Social Strategies indicate a positive but really weak correlativity with respondents ‘ academic accomplishment with its R and P value at r= 0.130, p= 0.029. This suggests that the more respondents use Social Schemes in their linguistic communication acquisition, the better they perform academically. Table 4.6 Correlation Matrix between Domains of College Self Efficacy on Academic Achievement College Self-Efficacy Course Self Efficacy 0.226** Roommate Self Efficacy -0.031 Social Self Efficacy 0.151* ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 4.6 studies on the correlativity on spheres of college egos efficaciousness with respondents ‘ academic accomplishment. Both Course Self Efficacy and Social Self Efficacy show that there is a positive yet weak and really weak relationship between the two variables on academic accomplishment with their R and P values ( r= 0.226 p= 0.000, r= 0.151 p= 0.011 ) severally. This consequence suggests that similar of Social Strategies bespeaking that the higher the respondents ‘ ego efficaciousness in footings of Course and Social, the better the respondents would execute academically. Table 4.7 An analysis of Multiple Regression on Academic Achievement To find the part of each independent variable towards academic accomplishment, the ENTER method of multiple arrested development analysis was employed. To place the forecasters of academic accomplishment, the subscales from each spheres ‘ multiple additive arrested development was proposed. The nine subscale forecasters are Memory Strategies ( x1 ) , Cognitive Strategies ( x2 ) , Compensation Strategies ( x3 ) , Metacognitive Strategies ( x4 ) , Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) , Social Strategies ( x6 ) , Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) , Roommate Self Efficacy ( x8 ) and Social Self Efficacy ( x9 ) . The equation of the proposed multiple additive arrested development theoretical account are as follows ( equation 1 ) : Y1 = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 + b7x7 + b8x8 + b9x9 + vitamin E Equation 1 Where: b0 = Intercept b1-4 = Slopes ( Estimates of Coefficients ) Y1 = Academic Achievement x1 = Memory Strategies x2 = Cognitive Schemes x3 = Compensation Schemes x4 = Metacognitive Schemes x5 = Affective Schemes x6 = Social Schemes x7 = Course Self Efficacy x8 = Roommate Self Efficacy x9 = Social Self Efficacy vitamin E = Random Error Variables Un-Standard Standard T Sig. ( P ) Coefficients Coefficients iiˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iiˆ ( Constant ) 3.105 17.655 0.000 Memory -0.153 -0.270 -4.354 0.000 Schemes Cognitive 0.049 0.071 1.001 0.318 Schemes Compensation 0.021 0.040 0.730 0.466 Schemes Metacognitive 0.058 0.111 1.589 0.113 Schemes Affectional -0.159 -0.328 -5.609 0.000 Schemes Social 0.063 0.132 2.080 0.038 Schemes Course Self 0.059 0.237 3.806 0.000 Efficacy Roommate Self -0.027 -0.102 -1.697 0.091 Efficacy Social Self 0.016 0.066 0.998 0.319 Efficacy F Statistic = 11.191 Adjusted R-squared = 0.244 R2 = 0.268 Based on the ENTER method which is presented in Table 4.7, the consequences show that there are two forecaster variables that were found important towards academic accomplishment. The two forecasters are Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) and Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) with their T and P values severally ( t= -5.609 p= 0.000, t= 3.806 p= 0.000 ) . In order to seek the comparative importance of both forecasters in foretelling academic accomplishment, the standardised arrested development between coefficients were besides shown in Table 4.7. Standardized coefficients play an of import function for comparative intents as the values of the different variables have been converted to the same graduated table. In this multiple arrested development, both dependent and independent variables were standardized to hold a mean of 0 and a standard divergence of 1. Therefore, when an independent variable gives a high beta coefficient, there is an indicant that the variable is extremely of import in lending to the anticipation of the standard variable. Hence, based on the values reported in the tabular array, the highest beta coefficient was derived from Affective Strategies with a value of -0.328. This indicates that Affective Strategies was the strongest subscriber to the overall equation. This variable was followed by Course Self Efficacy with a beta coefficient of 0.237. To reason, the multiple arrested development theoretical account for academic accomplishment in standard mark units is presented as followers: Y1 = 3.105 + 0.159Ãâ€"5 + 0.059Ãâ€"7 + vitamin E Equation 2 Where: Y1 = Academic Accomplishments x5 = Affective Schemes x7 = Course Self Efficacy vitamin E = Random Error Table 4.7 besides shows the coefficient of finding where R-squared, is the value that indicates the per centum of the entire fluctuation of dependent variables that are explained by the independent variable. Therefore, as presented in Table 4.7, the entire sum of discrepancy of standard variable that is predictable from the two forecasters are 26.8 % , and the adjusted R-square alteration of 24.4 % . The adjusted R-square gives a better appraisal of the true population value, therefore the part of the forecaster variables towards the discrepancy in the standard variable in this survey are reported based on the adjusted R-square value. Therefore, the overall arrested development theoretical account has been successful in explicating about 24.4 % of the adjusted discrepancy in academic accomplishments. In short, merely two variables were found to be significantly linked to academic accomplishments at a important degree of 0.05. Those two variables are as reported which are Affectional Schemes and Course Self Efficacy. Both Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy were found to hold a important relationship with academic accomplishment. Therefore based on the multiple arrested development analysis, the consequences show that Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy history for 24.4 % which explains the discrepancy of academic accomplishment. 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Business Process Management Systems Strategy and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Business Process Management Systems for Strategy and Implementation. Answer: Introduction: Unilever Limited is an Australian business that operates under the large and well known Unilever PLC and a subsidiary of Anglo Dutch FMCG Company Unilever. Officially it is known as Unilever Australasia. Its headquarters are located in Sydney, Australia and operates in many different towns in the country like New Zealand, Epping, Sydney, Australia among others. Being a subsidiary of a multinational consumer goods company that deals with beverages, cleaning detergents, foods and personal care products it also specializes in the home and personal care products to be specific (Unilever Australia, 2010). The company is named as one of the best businesses that produce good quality and effective consumer goods that are well satisfying and popular to the consumers. Australasia specializes in products like ice creams, olive oils, teas, snacks and meal products which are on the category of consumer products. The home care products include: cleaning detergents, laundry detergents as well as fabric conditioners. While the personal care products are: soaps, body sprays, body deodorants, antiperspirants to name just but a few. To help the company achieve the market and customer demand, it has its research laboratories in different places of the country like North Rocks, Minto, Tatura and Petone (Unilever Australia, 2010). These factories are able to produce all the products that are sold by the company. With time the Australasia has grown and developed its operations both externally and internally. The use and utilization of advanced technology and its improved information systems has contributed to growth and business operation effectiveness. Additionally, the businesss operations involve the use of accounting systems and software packages that generally help it grow and develop its daily activities with the aim of achieving its objectives and goals. Therefore, this gives it the chance to be used as a business of reference for such an assignment. Australasia Current Organizational Structure The organizational structure of a business refers to the principles and laws that govern the employees and the management team to be able to achieve the businesss objectives. Therefore, the organizational structure of Unilever Australia Limited involves the improvement and increase in business productivity towards achieving optimum customer satisfaction. It focuses on product growth and development especially when it come to the quality and price of its products. In addition to that, it has a large number of employees who are well skilled and experienced in customer service and relations as well as product production. Looking at the management structure and its internal systems, the business uses some of the best accounting systems to control and manage its financial operations which lead to better management techniques. Therefore, I can say that the business is able to be successful because of the increased use of accounting systems to manage and control its operations. Therefore, t his gives me a reason to use it as the business of reference in this assignment. The operational problems of an organization may be caused by the fact that it does not use effective and efficient internal systems and especially the accounting systems. Therefore, the following are some of the operational problems that may face Unilever Limited Australia include: Effective and efficient communication structure if very vital for a business that needs to succeed. However, not any other communication but specifically sharing of information concerning the financial status of the business. The organizational accountants and financial analysts should be able to communicate effectively with the management team and other financiers. The business may face frequent financial challenges by changing the organizational structure. When a businesses grow and developed, the process involves new employee hiring and or change in business operations. Apparently, there is always a cost incurred during the acquiring of the new business structure and budgeting for the new employees payments as well as technology and system changes to suit the new structure (Hung, et al, 2016). This can be improved by installing effective and efficient accounting systems in the organization. Apparently large developed businesses have been frequently faced by this challenge. The organization grows and expands but the top management team remains the same which often leads to poor management. This may also be caused by lack of effective internal systems especially the accounting systems which always offer great support to the managers specifically when it comes to financial management and other business operations. Most Likely Acquisition Method for Australasia Limited The best acquisition methods for the company is the ERP software system which is currently being used by so many other successful businesses in the world. This system is generally used to manage and control a business operations including the financial, procurement, inventory and raw material stocks, human resource, supply chain, product transportation and distribution among other business aspects or departments. The ERP system is suitable for the company because it will help it manage the businesss operations, the product brand range and the large market share and segment which are the core aspects of the business success factors (Pearlson et al, 206). Through the use of the accounting software systems, the business will certainly be effective and efficient in terms of production and especially the businesss internal systems because they will be able to function together with the ERP system hence improvement in business productivity. The technical support include factors like the labor availability, energy, time, machines like the computers and the internal systems that support daily business operations. These are actually some of the most important aspects of a businesss sale system (Sedera et al, 2016). They include the involvement of the employees, management team and the physical structure like equipment. Therefore, if Australasias sales system lacks any of these aspects, then it is most likely going to fail. However, since the company has the opportunity of using the accounting systems for its operations it is certainly able to cub this problem. This will definitely relate to how the customers and the sellers communicate during and before the process is commenced. Since the system relies on the information that is fed into the machines especially the computers, the people involved should make sure that the data is correct and according to their needs and desires for each one of them (Jha et al, 2016). Therefore, for the case of Unilever Limited, it is able to manage and control its sale communication procedures because of the implementation of the accounting systems that help in the process. Australia Limited is said to be one of the best producers of consumer products. This means that it has certainly been using modern and updated accounting soft wares, policies and principles to run and manage its operations. This is especially for the case of the financial, procurement operations, marketing and advertising, supply chain, human resource management, budgeting issues, growth strategies to name just but a few business departments and issues (Pearlson et al, 2016). This has certainly been of great help to the business because they are able to perform its operations at the set budgets and without financial crisis or pressure which is often one of the main issues with large companies. Therefore, through the use of the accounting software packages, the business has managed to increase its growth and development rate of the whole business operations. The use of good accounting systems has contributed greatly to the growth and development of the businesss market share. They have played a great role especially in its management strategies and business control operations. For instance, it has established different locations in which it operates from like New Zealand town, Sydney, Australia among others. Also, it has a wide range of products made from different brands. The products are also grouped into three different categories with each category having very good quality and well-priced products. In addition to that, the company has many factories around Australia whose responsibility is to produce the products accordingly hence helping the business meet its market demand. Therefore, all this information is an indication of the large market share that Unilever Australia Limited has. With this fact in mind, it is clear that the company uses the accounting software systems to manage and control its market share and segment. Market Leaders and Their Competitive Advantage The Procter and Gamble and Colgate Palmolive Companies are the closest competitors of Unilever Australia Limited. However, since the companies also have subsidiaries in Australia, they pose a great competition factor for Unilever Australia Limited. This is simply because they all offer the same product brands, product quality and specifically for the same groups of consumers. In addition to that their goods are also used for almost the same purposes (Unilever Australia, 2010). However, the competitive advantage that the two companies have over Unilever is the fact that they have a larger market share, better internal systems for the operations and their specialization on few product brands which makes them of even better quality than those of Unilever Australia. Nevertheless, Unilever Limited uses its accounting systems strategies to win and maintain its market share no matter what the situation and no matter the competition status of the market. The users of these software packages are mostly the accountants, financial analysts, market analysts, financial advisors, auditors among others. Some of the problems that they may face include the following: Lack of knowledge and skills. Every software analysts must have the required skills, experience and expertise to operate an accounting software or package (Marabelli et al, 2016). Nevertheless, in the current world there has been frequent technology changes and advancement which makes the operators skills and experience to be challenges. Lack of enough facilities or machines to run the systems which basically refers to technical support. This relates to internet, software, computer packages and computers themselves. A business that does not have enough equipment to run the systems and make them function will be increasing its chances of making errors financially and also its daily operations. This will definitely be a challenge for the users. Australasia Limited should ensure that its users have the required skills and knowledge especially when the systems or technology develops. This can be achieved through conducting training and conferences to teach them about the systems. Also, the company should ensure that its machines and other technical support needed to operate the software is available and enough for the operation. References Hung, S.Y., Huang, W.M., Yen, D.C., Chang, S.I. and Lu, C.C., 2016. Effect of Information Service Competence and Contextual Factors on the Effectiveness of Strategic Information Systems Planning in Hospitals.Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM),24(1), pp.14-36. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Marabelli, M. and Galliers, R.D., 2016. A reflection on information systems strategizing: the role of power and everyday practices.Information Systems Journal. Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J. and Lyytinen, K., 2014. 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"Role of information technology in total quality management: a literature review." (2016). Abbasi, Ahmed, Suprateek Sarker, and Roger HL Chiang. "Big data research in information systems: Toward an inclusive research agenda."Journal of the Association for Information Systems17, no. 2 (2016): 3.