Credit Risk In Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Credit in bank is a contractual agreement in which a borrower receives something of value now and agrees to repay the lender at some later date (Joan Selorm Tsorhe p.6). However, credit risk arises whenever a lender is exposed to loss from a borrower, counterparty, or an obligor who fails to honor their debt obligation as they have agreed or contracted (Colquitt 2007, 1). Credit risk implies that payments may be delayed or ultimately not paid at all, which can in turn cause cash flow problems and affects a banks liquidity. Despite innovation in the financial services sector, credit risk is still the major cause of banks failures (Greuning Bratanovic 2009, 135). Credit risk is faced by banks when a borrower (customer) cannot honoring its debt obligations on due date or at maturity. This risk which is also called counterparty risk is capable of putting the bank in distress if not adequately dealt with. There is always the possibility for a borrower to default from his commitments for one or the other reason; therefore a sound credit risk management framework is indispensable to a healthy and profitable banking institution. 2.2 Credit risk management in banking Banks generate their profit from the spread between the interest rate they charge to borrowers and the interest rate they pay to depositors. The major function of banks has always consisted of lending activities and assessing the credit worthiness of a borrower has always been of utmost importance (Andrew Fight, 2004). In order to generate profit, banks make loan with the aim that the latter will be fully repaid as per the agreement. Therefore banks must ensure that borrowers will be able to repay back their obligations on due date in order to maximize the value of the bank. Banks have to manage credit risk effectively, for them to be profitable and to ensure their survival. Banks can reduce their exposure to credit risk by adopting robust credit risk management methods. Credit risk management is basically the procedures adopted by banks with the aim of reducing or avoiding credit risk. It involves tools, procedures and mechanisms that banks rely on to monitor their lending activities. It involves the identification of potential risks, the measurement of these risks, the appropriate treatment, and the actual implementation of risk models. 2.2.1 Credit risk management strategies The methods for hedging credit risk include (as identified by T. Funso, 2012, pp31-38) but not limited to these: 1. Compliance to Basel Accord: Being able to identify, generate, track and report on risk-related data in an integrated manner, with full auditability and transparency and creates the opportunity to improve the risk management processes of banks. The New Basel Capital Accord places explicitly the responsibility on banks to adopt sound internal credit risk management practices to assess their capital adequacy requirements. 2. Adoption of a sound internal lending policy: Strict adherence to the lending policy is by far the cheapest and easiest method of credit risk management. The lending policy should be in line with the overall bank strategy and the factors considered in designing a lending policy should include; the existing credit policy, industry norms, general economic conditions of the country and the prevailing economic climate. 3. Credit Derivatives: This provides banks with an approach which does not require them to adjust their loan portfolio. Credit derivatives provide banks with a new source of fee income and offer banks the opportunity to reduce their regulatory capital. The commonest type of credit derivative is credit default swap whereby a seller agrees to shift the credit risk of a loan to the protection buyer. Frank Partnoy and David Skeel in Financial Times of 17 July, 2006 said that credit derivatives encourage banks to lend more than they would, at lower rates, to riskier borrowers. Recent innovations in credit derivatives markets have improved lenders abilities to transfer credit risk to other institutions while maintaining relationship with borrowers. 4. Credit Securitization: It is the transfer of credit risk to a factor or insurance firm and this relieves the bank from monitoring the borrower and fear of the hazardous effect of classified assets. This approach insures the lending activity of banks. The growing popularity of credit risk securitization can be put down to the fact that banks typically use the instrument of securitization to diversify concentrated credit risk exposures and to explore an alternative source of funding by realizing regulatory arbitrage and liquidity improvements when selling securitization transactions. A cash collateralized loan obligation is a form of securitization in which assets (bank loans) are removed from a banks balance sheet and packaged (tranched) into marketable securities that are sold on to investors via a special purpose vehicle. 5. Credit Bureau: This is an institution which compiles information and sells this information to banks as regards the lending profile of a borrower. The bureau awards credit score called statistical odd to the borrower which makes it easy for banks to make instantaneous lending decision. An example of credit bureau in Mauritius is the Mauritius Credit Information Bureau. Traditional methods of controlling credit risk 1. Screening and monitoring: Adverse selection in loan market requires the lenders screen out the bad credit from the good ones so that loans are profitable to them. Once a loan has been made, the banks has to monitor or follow up the borrowers activities. 2. Long-term Customer Relationship: if the borrower has borrowed previously from the bank, the bank has a record of the loan payments. This reduces the costs of information collection and makes it easier to screen out bad credit risks. Long-term relationship enables banks to deal with even unanticipated moral hazard contingencies. 3. Collateral Requirements: is an important credit risk management tool. Collateral, which is properly promised to the lender as compensation if the borrower defaults, it lesser the lenders losses in the case of a loan default. 4. Credit Rationing: is one way of credit risk management that refers refusing to make loans even though borrowers are willing to pay the stated interest rate or even a higher rate. 5.Know Your Customer principle: ÂÂ  refers toÂÂ  due diligence activities thatÂÂ  financial institutionsÂÂ  and other regulatedÂÂ  companiesÂÂ  must perform to ascertain relevant information from their clients for the purpose of doing business with them. Banks must be fully aware of the repaying capacity of borrowers. 2.3 Basel II framework in Mauritius Basel Accords is the most famous international legislation worldwide. Basle II is implemented in Mauritius since end March 2008 with the Bank of Mauritius having issued several Guidelines in line with the principles set up by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). Its objective is to maintain an adequate level of Capital Adequacy Ratio, and to improve quantitative risk measurement and risk management across banks (Mauritius Bankers Association Limited, 2008). This international standard helps to ensure proper capital regulations in all banks and make provisions for enhanced risk management practices, which is of great help for banks. Basel II is comprised of three pillars as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Source: (BCBS) Generally, banks can expect to experience losses and these are: Expected Losses (EL): perceived as cost of business undertaking by financial institutions; Unexpected Losses (UL): losses above expected level when banks anticipate their occurrence though the timing and severity cannot be known beforehand. A few portions of unexpected losses might be absorbed by the interest rate charged on credit exposure although market will not support adequate prices to cover all unexpected losses. Loss Given Default (LGD): the amount of fund that bank can lose when the borrower defaults on a loan (BCBS, 2006). In order to cover the risks of these losses, banks need to hold enough capital. Basel II distinguishes between two methods to measure credit risk: The Standardised Approach and the Internal Rating Based (IRB) Approach. The latter can be further divided into two approaches namely the Foundation Internal Rating Based Approach and the Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach. The Internal Rating Based Approach is more sophisticated than the Standardised Approach while the Advanced Internal Rating Based Approach is the most sophisticated Approach within the IRB methods. 2.4 Banking credit risk management guidelines in Mauritius The Bank of Mauritius recognizes that credit constitutes by far the largest part of a financial institutions business in Mauritius and its mismanagement can pose a serious threat to the institutions continued existence, with resulting impacts on the interests of depositors and other stakeholders. Therefore it imposes guidelines which banks in Mauritius must abide with. 2.4.1 Establishment of a credit risk policy Banks have the obligation to establish a written policy that includes principles and objectives governing their willingness to accept credit risk, establish the areas of credit in which they are willing to engage and those in which they are refusing to engage. The policy must define the levels of authority to approve credits, establish prudent limits on the financial institutions exposure to credit risk and on the concentration of credit risk in different areas of the institutions credit portfolio; and defines the accountabilities of the chief executive officer to the board of directors. 2.4.2 Responsibilities and Accountabilities of the Board of Directors The board of directors is responsible for reviewing and approving a banks credit risk strategy and policies. Each bank should develop a strategy that sets the objectives of its credit-granting activities and adopt the necessary policies and procedures for conducting such activities. 2.4.3 Responsibilities and Accountabilities of Chief Executive Officer The chief executive officer shall develop a soundly based credit risk management policy for approval by the board of directors. The latter must ensure clearly documented delegation of credit approval authority of management personnel and committees, and also ensure that the board approved credit risk management policy is implemented in its true spirit, using strictly and exclusively prudential credit appraisal criteria and considerations and not influenced by any extraneous factors. Also it must install adequate internal controls, covering the entire credit spectrum, ensure implementation of an effective internal inspection/audit function. 2.4.4 Conduct Review and Risk Policy Committee The function of the committee would be to assist the board in discharging its responsibilities in the area of credit risk management. 2.4.5 Credit Risk Management Process Credit risk management process should cover the entire credit cycle starting from the origination of the credit in a financial institutions books to the point the credit is extinguished from the books. It should provide for sound practices in: Credit Processing/Appraisal: it is the stage where detailed and authentic information from application forms on credit, is gathered and screened in order to determine the types of credit that are acceptable. Then banks assess customers ability to meet its obligations and this usually includes assessing their collaterals and guarantees. Credit-approval/Sanction: approval authorities will cover new credit approvals, renewals of existing credits, and changes in terms and conditions of previously approved credits, particularly credit restructuring, all of which should be fully documented and recorded. Credit Documentation: documentation is an essential part of the credit process and is required for each phase of the credit cycle, including credit application, credit analysis, credit approval, credit monitoring, collateral valuation, impairment recognition, foreclosure of impaired loan and realization of security. The format of credit files must be standardized and files neatly maintained with an appropriate system of cross-indexing to facilitate review and follow-up. Credit Administration: financial institutions must ensure that their credit portfolio is properly administered, that is, loan agreements are duly prepared, renewal notices are sent systematically and credit files are regularly updated. Disbursement: when the credit is approved, the customer should be advised of the terms and conditions of the credit by way of a letter of offer. The duplicate of this letter should be duly signed and returned to the institution by the customer. The facility disbursement process should start only upon receipt of this letter and should involve, inter alia, the completion of formalities regarding documentation, the registration of collateral, insurance cover in the institutions favour and the vetting of documents by a legal expert. Under no circumstances shall funds be released prior to compliance with pre-disbursement conditions and approval by the relevant authorities in the financial institution. Monitoring and Control of Individual Credits: A proper credit monitoring system provide the basis for taking prompt corrective actions when warning signs point to a deterioration in the financial health of the borrower. Examples of such warning signs include unauthorised drawings, arrears in capital and interest and a deterioration in the borrowers operating environment. Financial institutions must have a system in place to formally review the status of the credit and the financial health of the borrower. It must also include a review of up-to-date information of the borrower. Monitoring the Overall Credit Portfolio (Stress Testing): it is the analysis of what could potentially go wrong with individual credits and the overall credit portfolio if conditions/environment in which borrowers operate change significantly. The results of this analysis should then be factored into the assessment of the adequacy of provisioning and capital of the institution. Such stress analysis can reveal previously undetected areas of potential credit risk exposure that could arise in times of crisis. The results must serve as an important input into a review of credit risk management framework and setting limits and provisioning levels. Classification of credit: Credit classification process grades individual credits in terms of the expected degree of recoverability. Banks must have in place the processes and controls to implement the board approved policies, which will, in turn, be in accord with the proposed guideline. They should have appropriate criteria for credit provisioning and write off. Up until the time the proposed guideline comes into effect, the existing guideline on credit classification will continue to apply. Managing Problem Credits/Recovery: A banks credit risk policy should clearly set out how problem credits are to be managed. It involves following all aspects of the problem credit, including rehabilitation of the borrower, restructuring of credit, monitoring the value of applicable collateral, scrutiny of legal documents, and dealing with receiver/manager until the recovery matters are finalized. Banks must put in place systems to ensure that management is kept advised on a regular basis on all developments in the recovery process. Management Information Systems: The feasibility and effectiveness of the various requirements of the credit risk management framework depend, in large measure, on the adequacy of management information systems in a financial institution. The information generated by management information systems enables the board and management to fulfill their respective oversight roles, including the adequate level of capital that the institution should be carrying. The quality, detail and timeliness of information respecting the composition and soundness of credit portfolio, are critical to credit risk management. A well functioning information system would permit credit exposures approaching risk limits to be identified and brought to the timely attention of management and the board. Also, the systems design can throw out information on concentration of risks within the credit portfolio, including concentration in maturity streams, enabling management to take remedial action in a timely manner. 2.5 Capital Adequacy Ratio Ebhodaghe (1991) defines capital adequacy as a situation where the adjusted capital is sufficient to absorb all losses and cover fixed assets of the bank leaving a comfortable surplus for the current operation and future expansion. Capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a ratio of a banks capital to its risk. The presence of capital adequacy regulations ensures that banks will hold enough capital so that it can act as a cushion in case of losses, to ensure survival of banks. Therefore, banks in Mauritius compute composite Capital adequacy Ratio, encompassing both credit risk and operational risk. They are required to maintain a minimum composite Capital Adequacy Ratio of 10 per cent which is above the minimum 8 per cent prescribed by BCBS. For the purpose of calculating the CAR, the capital of a bank is divided into two tiers (levels): Core Capital (Tier 1) and Supplementary Capital (Tier 2). mbox{CAR} = cfrac{mbox{Tier 1 capital + Tier 2 capital}}{mbox{Risk weighted assets}} (Source: Wikipedia) 2.6 Nonperforming loan A loan is nonperforming when it is not earning income and, full payment of principal and interest is no longer anticipated, principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent, or the maturity date has passed and payment in full has not been made. The problem of non-performing loans (NPLs) has gained increasing importance because large amount of NPLs can lead to bank failure. Dermirgue-Kunt(1989) found that failing banking institutions always have high level of NPLs prior to failure. Brewer et al. (2006) use NPLR as a strong economic indicator. Efficient credit risk management supports the fact that lower NPLR is associated with lower risk and lower deposit rate. However it also implies that in long run, relatively high deposit rate increases the deposit base in order to fund relatively high risk loans and consequently increases possibility of NPLR. Therefore, the allocation of the available fund and its risk management heavily depend on how the credit risk is handled and diversified to decrease the NPL amount. NPL is a probability of loss that requires provision. Provision amount is accounting amount which can be further, if the necessity rises, deducted from the profit. Therefore, high NPL amount increases the provision amount which in turn reduces the profit. NPLs lead to unprofitable banks. The eradication of NPLs is important to improve bank performance. Non Performing Loan Ratio (NPLR) is defined as NPLs divided by Total Loans (TLs). 2.6 Banks profitability and its measurement Like all businesses, banks generate their profit by earning more money than they spend in their expenses. Banks generate the major portion of their profit from the fees they charge for their services and the interest they earn on their assets. Their major expense is the interest they pay for their liabilities (deposits). The major assets of a bank are its loans to individuals, businesses, and other organizations and the securities it holds, while its major liabilities are its deposits and the money that it borrows, either from other banks or by selling commercial paper in the money market. And the profitability of any business can be measured through return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). At the beginning, many banks used a purely accounting-driven approach and focused on the measurement of NI, for example, the calculation of ROA. However, this approach does not consider the risks related to the referred assets, for instance, the underling risks of the transactions, and also with the growth of off-balance sheet activities. Thus the riskiness of underlying assets becomes more and more important. Gradually, the banks notice that equity has become the scarce resource. Thereby, banks turn to focus on the ROE to measure the net profit to the book equity in order to find out the most profitable business and to do the investment (Gerhard.S, 2002). Mostly ROE is used to measure the profitability of banks. The efficiency of the banks can be evaluated by applying ROE, since it shows that banks reinvest its earnings to generate future profit. The growth of ROE may also depend on the capitalization of the banks and operating profit margin. If a bank is highly capitalized through the risk-weighted capital adequacy ratio (RWCAR) or Tier 1 capital adequacy ratio (CAR), the expansion of ROE will be retarded. However, the increase of the operating margin can smoothly enhance the ROE45. ROE also hinges on the capital management activities. If the banks use capital more efficiently, they will have a better financial leverage and consequently a higher ROE. Because a higher financial leverage multiplier indicates that banks can leverage on a smaller base of stakeholders fund and produce higher interest bearing assets leading to the optimization of the earnings.46 On the contrary, a rise in ROE can also reflect increased risks because high risk might bring more profits. This means ROE does not only go up by increasing returns or profit but also grows by taking more debt which brings more risk. Thus, positive ROE does not only repres ent the financial strength. Risk management becomes more and more significant in order to ensure sustainable profits in banks (R. Alton Gilbert and David C. Wheelock, 2007). 2.7 Relationship between credit risk management and bank performance As per different researchers and authors, Credit risk is the most significant of all risks in terms of size of potential losses. As the extension of credit has always been at the core of banking operation, the focus of banks risk management has been credit risk management. When banks manage their risk better, they will get advantage to increase their performance (return). Better risk management indicates that banks operate their activities at lower relative risk and at lower conflict of interests between parties. (Anthony M. Santomero, 1997) The advantages of implementing better risk management lead to better banks performance. Better bank performance increases their reputation and image from public or market point of view. The banks also get more opportunities to increase the productive assets, leading to higher bank profitability, liquidity, and solvency. Therefore, Effective credit risk management should be a critical component of a banks overall risk management strategy and is essential to the long-term success of any banking organization. It becomes more and more significant in order to ensure sustainable profits in banks.

The Debate Over The Gun Control - 892 Words

One of the most debated and talked about issues going on today concerns gun control. There are many different aspects being brought up with concern to gun control. One of the biggest this past year especially here in Texas is the issue of allow-ing conceal carry on college campuses. College campuses are usually gun free zones, but with so many shootings happening on campuses some want to be allowed to carry. A lot of people are for infringing upon a person’s constitutional right to life and liberty and self-protection. They claim it will lead to more shootings. Starting in August, Texas will join seven other states in allowing hand guns on campus (Alford). The people that oppose conceal carry on campus believe this law will just open the door for more shootings on campus. Arguments against conceal carry on campus seem to hinge on that it is a different environment oppose to off campus (Welch). 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Mental Illness Is A Taboo Topic - 918 Words

Mental illness is a taboo topic. We don’t like to believe being crazy is normal yet we all struggle with our brain chemistry being a bit off. For those who are not so fortunate, I would like to discuss the conditions of asylums. George Georgiou visually touched bas of the conditions for three psychiatric institutions in Kosova and Serbia during 1999 and 2002. The project was done after the Nato attack on Serbia on March 24,1999. The Between the Lines project was to display some of the effects of the war such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Georgiou’s phot from â€Å"Between the Lines† project expresses the conditions some of the patients suffered from lack of experience and attentiveness by staff. Many Civilians suffered from PTSD†¦show more content†¦Serbian’s hospital conditions made the realities for survivors a bit more fearful and traumatic. In Georgiou’s photo it brings a poignant reality in the psychiatric institutions of Serbia during the turn of the century in early 2000’s. The interesting effect of the photo is the loss of identity, as if dehumanizing the patient will cause less care to deal with. It’s strange to find the room to be barren. The patients were to be left alone in rooms to reduce harm to others and themselves. Although, the treatment would cause more trauma rather than help the patient. The patient’s expression is revealing to agony and fear suffered from lack of care and treatment. Speckled tiles repeat in the room not only to make the room look barren but, to reduce stimulus in case the patient was hallucinating. Restraints are used preventing the patient from any type of harm. The patient being tied to the pipe shows how poor the institutions is that any room could be used. 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Reflection On Time Management - 1300 Words

ResEd Final Reflection In RE102 I learned a lot of valuable life skills in a wide variety of areas. We covered the important topics of communication, decision making, conflict resolution, time management, stress management, resumes, online self, healthy relationships, and sexual assault/consent. From general tips to the more serious issues such as sexual assault, this class has prepared me for many important life situations. Specific to NCSSM, skills such as stress and time management will help me be able to succeed and remain happy at this rigorous school. One of the topics I found interesting was our unit on Time Management. This included some ways to classify time that I had not thought about before. For example, the idea that all†¦show more content†¦With the information I learned about what quadrant tasks fall under, I will set priorities about which tasks (quadrant one) I will complete first. I will also be able to recognize which activities I need to remove (quadrant three) and limit (quadrant four). During times in which I have a lot of deadlines coming up, I will prioritize assignments more effectively. With the personality information I learned in this class, I will work on avoiding my weaknesses in the future. Since those for a Driver are a reluctance to ask for help and to work in a group setting, I will make sure to recognize when I need help and to ask for it when I do. I will also try to work better in a group setting and carry less of the load upon myself. This will help me have better time management for group projects. For myself, I have realized that in order for me to avoid procrastination, I have to get the easiest tasks out of the way first. Otherwise, if I am trying to start with the large essay for example, I will be distracted and constantly switch back and forth between the easier tasks. There is also some scientific evidence that shows doing an easy task first will allow you to be mentally prepared for the harder tasks. A very important technical skill I learned from this course was how to craft a successful resumà ©. Some of the information was as simple as what font to use but I found it very interesting how important these small pieces were. Some of the mostShow MoreRelatedReflection On Time Management881 Words   |  4 Pagespiece of reflection will focus on my progress and experiences during my placement in Campbelltown Hospital Medical E ward. I will be using the Gibbs 1988 model of reflection (Gibbs, 1988). This cycle helped me to reflect in a structured and effective way. The sub ject of this paper will reflect on my time management skills whilst maintaining the necessary standards of practice at all times (NMBA, 2016). During my first and second week of placement, I had some difficulty with my time management. 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Oprah Winfrey Essay - 1283 Words

Desiree N. Calderon Mr.Jalloh May 15, 2002 Pd.1 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. She has stated that she is a woman in progress, just trying like everyone else. Taking every conflict and every experience and learning from it. Oprah Winfrey has risen from poverty and a troubled youth to become the most powerful and influential woman in television and according to Forbes Magazine, then worlds most highly paid†¦show more content†¦The goal was to make a record-breaking salary such as Barbara Walters with her one million dollars a year. Oprah approached her new job with typical gusto. But WJZs management frowned on Oprahs habit of spontaneous reporting and her refusal to read the news copy ahead of time. The lack of preparation resulted in mistakes. She would mispronounce words and bad grammar. Things did not work out there so the company decided to send Oprah to get a makeover. She was sent to a salon in New York an d received a perm that made her hair come out. She was also sent to a speech coach, it was there that she received the best advice of her life. The speech coach told Oprah that she had to have more self-determination and positive attitude and to quit being so nice. Oprahs next job was reading cut-ins on ABCs Good Morning America Show. In addition WJZ-TV assigned her as a reporter covering tragedies. After this Oprah was placed to host their talk show People Are Talking, to her this show was considered a demotion. People Are Talking created a change for Oprah. She realized this is what she wanted to do all along. It allowed her to relax and be herself. In a few years the shows popularity passed that of the Phil Donahue Show. In 1984, Oprah took a risk at hosting a Chicago morning talk show. She received a $200,000 a year salary and a four-year unbreakable contract. Her show was groundbreaking. 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Overcoming a life of hardship, Oprah leaped over all obstacles to become one of the richest and most successf ul self-made women in history. Her career started at a news station in Nashville where she became the first African American co-anchor. She dropped out of college her senior year to move to Baltimore to co-anchor the nightly news in Baltimore. Although reading theRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Winfrey1946 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey Very few people are able to be recognized by their first name only: Oprah Winfrey is one of them. Oprah once shared what her formula for success is to Ladies Home Journal magazine, she said â€Å"Follow your instinct, that’s where true wisdom manifests itself†. Little did the parents of a little baby girl born as ‘Oprah’ Gail Winfrey know what the path ahead would lead for her. On January 29, 1954, Oprah was born to the parents Vernita Lee and Vernon Winfrey. However, they were unmarriedRead MoreOprah s Speech : Oprah Gail Winfrey3576 Words   |  15 PagesMay 2015 Oprah Winfrey Oprah Gail Winfrey, was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her birth name was originally Orpah, from the Bible, but there was much confusion in the spelling and pronunciation (Notablebiographies.com). For this reason, she was known as Oprah almost from birth. For the most part, she was raised by her grandmother Hattie Mae Lee because her mother, Vernita Lee, and father, Vernon Winfrey, separated almost immediately after her birth. Incidentally, Winfrey becameRead More Oprah Winfrey Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pageshistory, we find a life story that is truly remarkable. Oprah Winfrey ventured forth from the agonizing childhood, that was her world of common day, to a region of supernatural wonder. Oprah’s road to success was not an easy task. From her early childhood, Oprah challenged many fabulous forces that she encountered. Oprah Winfrey tells the life story one of Americas richest and most successful show business personalities. â€Å"The fact that Oprah Winfrey is also black and a woman makes her rags to richesRead MoreThe Life Of Oprah Winfrey1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Life of Oprah Winfrey, Media Superstar Nelson, Ken. â€Å"Biography for Kids: Oprah Winfrey.† Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI), Apr. 2016. Web. 28 Apr. 2016. Oprah Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Her mother’s name was Vernita Lee and her father’s name was Vernon Winfrey. Her name originally was going to be Orpah (a Moab who was mentioned in the Book of Ruth), but was accidentally misspelled on her birth certificate. At a young age Oprah’s mom moved to Milwaukee,Read MoreEssay on OPRAH WINFREY1261 Words   |  6 PagesOprah Winfrey Oprah Winerys life experiences have made her into the woman she is today. She was born on January 9,1954,in Kosciusko, Mississippi. 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Types Of Language Learning Strategies Education Essay Free Essays

Chapter 4 Introduction This chapter focuses on the findings obtained from the information collected through the study. Respondents of the study were the ADFP and ACTP pupils of the American Degree Programme in INTEC, UiTM Shah Alam. The informations collected were analyzed utilizing the SPSS package bundle version 16. We will write a custom essay sample on Types Of Language Learning Strategies Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0. The findings are presented based on the research inquiries in chapter 1: What are the acquisition schemes used by the respondents? What is the degree of college self-efficacy among the respondents? What is the degree of academic accomplishment among the respondents? What is the relationship between larning schemes and self efficaciousness on academic accomplishment? What is the part of each discrepancy of independent variable towards academic accomplishment? Table 4.1 Demographic Background of respondents harmonizing to gender and ethnicity ( n=285 ) Respondents Profile Frequency ( n ) Percentage ( % ) Gender Male 162 56.8 Female 123 43.2 Ethnicity Malay 138 48.4 Chinese 91 31.9 Indian 31 10.9 Others 25 8.8 Entire 285 100 Table 4.1 presents the demographic information of the respondents involved in this survey. More male pupils participated in the survey with a per centum of 56.8 % compared to 43.2 % who were female pupils. On another class of ethnicity, Malay pupils were the chief respondents in this survey with a per centum of 48.4 % while Chinese pupils comprised about 31.9 % of the entire sample. Another 10.9 % of the respondents are of Indian ethnicity while the concluding 8.8 % are of other ethnics. Table 4.2 Descriptive Analysis of Types of Language Learning Schemes Types of Language Learning Mean Std. Deviation Schemes Memory Schemes 2.8612 0.5866 Cognitive Schemes 3.4639 0.4853 Compensation Strategies 3.4515 0.6241 Metacognitive Schemes 3.5789 0.6301 Affectional Schemes 2.8117 0.6833 Social Strategies 3.6439 0.6924 Table 4.2 presents the informations on the types of linguistic communication acquisition schemes used by the respondents. The findings show that most respondents use Social Schemes ( M= 3.6439, SD= 0.692411 ) followed by Metacognitive Strategies ( M= 3.5789, SD= 0.63011 ) and eventually Cognitive Schemes ( M= 3.4639, SD= 0.48529 ) . From the findings, it can be inferred that the respondents benefit the most from utilizing societal schemes, metacognitive schemes and cognitive schemes in their procedure of linguistic communication acquisition. This means that in footings of utilizing societal schemes, the respondents learn linguistic communication best through inquiring inquiries in category, collaborating with others who are adept in the linguistic communication and sympathizing with others for illustration, through developing cultural apprehension. In other words, these respondents learn best when socialising with others in the mark linguistic communication. The findings besides revealed that the respondents who uses metacognitive schemes. This means that respondents using metacognitive schemes tend to focus on their acquisition for illustration associating new cognition with what they already know, set uping and be aftering their acquisition and ego measuring themselves in their acquisition advancement. In short, these scholars plan out their learning advancement and associate their new cognition to old schemes. Respondents practising cognitive schemes in larning the mark linguistic communication tend to utilize patterns for illustration utilizing expressions and forms or concentrate on the chief thought of a message when reading a text. These scholars are besides prone to make a batch of analysis and do logical thinking for illustration by analysing looks and eventually create construction in footings of either having input or end product for illustration taking notes. Table 4.3 Descriptive Analysis of Domains of College Self Efficacy Spheres of Mean Std. Deviation College Self Efficacy Course Self Efficacy 6.9464 1.3234 Roommate Self Efficacy 7.6044 1.2662 Social Self Efficacy 6.8097 1.3726 The findings in table 4.3 shows that respondents have high ego efficaciousness when covering with roomie ego efficaciousness ( M= 7.6044, SD= 1.2662 ) followed by class ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.9464, SD= 1.3234 ) and societal ego efficaciousness ( M= 6.8097, SD= 1.3726 ) . The findings indicate that the respondents are more confident in tie ining with their roomies and finishing undertaking related to their surveies. However societal wise, the findings shows that the respondents are less confident about themselves socialising in major module events or in their interpersonal accomplishments with others such as doing new friends. Table 4.4 Distribution and Percentage of Respondents ‘ Cumulative Grade Point Average ( CGPA ) Accumulative Grade Frequency ( N ) Percent ( % ) Point Average ( CGPA ) Low ( A ; lt ; 2.49 ) 2 7 Moderate ( 2.50 – 3.49 ) 217 76.1 High ( 3.50 – 4.00 ) 66 23.2 Entire 285 100 Table 4.4 studies on the degree of academic accomplishment of the respondents. From the information, it shows that a bulk of the respondents have mean academic accomplishment with a per centum of 76.1 % runing from 2.50 – 3.49. 23.2 % of respondents have high CCPA runing from 3.50 – 4.00. The staying 7 % have low academic accomplishment runing from less than 2.49. This findings show that the bulk of respondents from the American Degree Programme have moderate scope of CGPA. Table 4.5 Correlation Matrix between Types of Language Learning Strategies on Academic Achievement Language Learning Schemes Memory Schemes -0.236** Cognitive Schemes 0.098 Compensation Schemes 0.082 Metacognitive Schemes 0.092 Affectional Schemes -0.324** Social Strategies 0.130* ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 4.5 shows the relationship of linguistic communication larning schemes on academic accomplishment. By utilizing Pearson Correlation to find strength of the relationship between the independent variables and academic accomplishment, it was found there are three schemes that show correlativity with academic accomplishment which are associated with academic accomplishment. Those linguistic communication larning schemes are Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and Social Strategies. The relationship between Memory Strategies, Affective Strategies and academic accomplishment shows a negative and really weak relationship with their R and P values ( r= -0.236 p= 0.000, r= -0.324 p= 0.000 ) severally. This suggests that the more the respondents use both Memory and Affective Strategies in their linguistic communication acquisition, the lower their academic accomplishment would be. On another note, Social Strategies indicate a positive but really weak correlativity with respondents ‘ academic accomplishment with its R and P value at r= 0.130, p= 0.029. This suggests that the more respondents use Social Schemes in their linguistic communication acquisition, the better they perform academically. Table 4.6 Correlation Matrix between Domains of College Self Efficacy on Academic Achievement College Self-Efficacy Course Self Efficacy 0.226** Roommate Self Efficacy -0.031 Social Self Efficacy 0.151* ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 4.6 studies on the correlativity on spheres of college egos efficaciousness with respondents ‘ academic accomplishment. Both Course Self Efficacy and Social Self Efficacy show that there is a positive yet weak and really weak relationship between the two variables on academic accomplishment with their R and P values ( r= 0.226 p= 0.000, r= 0.151 p= 0.011 ) severally. This consequence suggests that similar of Social Strategies bespeaking that the higher the respondents ‘ ego efficaciousness in footings of Course and Social, the better the respondents would execute academically. Table 4.7 An analysis of Multiple Regression on Academic Achievement To find the part of each independent variable towards academic accomplishment, the ENTER method of multiple arrested development analysis was employed. To place the forecasters of academic accomplishment, the subscales from each spheres ‘ multiple additive arrested development was proposed. The nine subscale forecasters are Memory Strategies ( x1 ) , Cognitive Strategies ( x2 ) , Compensation Strategies ( x3 ) , Metacognitive Strategies ( x4 ) , Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) , Social Strategies ( x6 ) , Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) , Roommate Self Efficacy ( x8 ) and Social Self Efficacy ( x9 ) . The equation of the proposed multiple additive arrested development theoretical account are as follows ( equation 1 ) : Y1 = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + b5x5 + b6x6 + b7x7 + b8x8 + b9x9 + vitamin E Equation 1 Where: b0 = Intercept b1-4 = Slopes ( Estimates of Coefficients ) Y1 = Academic Achievement x1 = Memory Strategies x2 = Cognitive Schemes x3 = Compensation Schemes x4 = Metacognitive Schemes x5 = Affective Schemes x6 = Social Schemes x7 = Course Self Efficacy x8 = Roommate Self Efficacy x9 = Social Self Efficacy vitamin E = Random Error Variables Un-Standard Standard T Sig. ( P ) Coefficients Coefficients iiˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iˆ iiˆ ( Constant ) 3.105 17.655 0.000 Memory -0.153 -0.270 -4.354 0.000 Schemes Cognitive 0.049 0.071 1.001 0.318 Schemes Compensation 0.021 0.040 0.730 0.466 Schemes Metacognitive 0.058 0.111 1.589 0.113 Schemes Affectional -0.159 -0.328 -5.609 0.000 Schemes Social 0.063 0.132 2.080 0.038 Schemes Course Self 0.059 0.237 3.806 0.000 Efficacy Roommate Self -0.027 -0.102 -1.697 0.091 Efficacy Social Self 0.016 0.066 0.998 0.319 Efficacy F Statistic = 11.191 Adjusted R-squared = 0.244 R2 = 0.268 Based on the ENTER method which is presented in Table 4.7, the consequences show that there are two forecaster variables that were found important towards academic accomplishment. The two forecasters are Affectional Strategies ( x5 ) and Course Self Efficacy ( x7 ) with their T and P values severally ( t= -5.609 p= 0.000, t= 3.806 p= 0.000 ) . In order to seek the comparative importance of both forecasters in foretelling academic accomplishment, the standardised arrested development between coefficients were besides shown in Table 4.7. Standardized coefficients play an of import function for comparative intents as the values of the different variables have been converted to the same graduated table. In this multiple arrested development, both dependent and independent variables were standardized to hold a mean of 0 and a standard divergence of 1. Therefore, when an independent variable gives a high beta coefficient, there is an indicant that the variable is extremely of import in lending to the anticipation of the standard variable. Hence, based on the values reported in the tabular array, the highest beta coefficient was derived from Affective Strategies with a value of -0.328. This indicates that Affective Strategies was the strongest subscriber to the overall equation. This variable was followed by Course Self Efficacy with a beta coefficient of 0.237. To reason, the multiple arrested development theoretical account for academic accomplishment in standard mark units is presented as followers: Y1 = 3.105 + 0.159Ãâ€"5 + 0.059Ãâ€"7 + vitamin E Equation 2 Where: Y1 = Academic Accomplishments x5 = Affective Schemes x7 = Course Self Efficacy vitamin E = Random Error Table 4.7 besides shows the coefficient of finding where R-squared, is the value that indicates the per centum of the entire fluctuation of dependent variables that are explained by the independent variable. Therefore, as presented in Table 4.7, the entire sum of discrepancy of standard variable that is predictable from the two forecasters are 26.8 % , and the adjusted R-square alteration of 24.4 % . The adjusted R-square gives a better appraisal of the true population value, therefore the part of the forecaster variables towards the discrepancy in the standard variable in this survey are reported based on the adjusted R-square value. Therefore, the overall arrested development theoretical account has been successful in explicating about 24.4 % of the adjusted discrepancy in academic accomplishments. In short, merely two variables were found to be significantly linked to academic accomplishments at a important degree of 0.05. Those two variables are as reported which are Affectional Schemes and Course Self Efficacy. Both Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy were found to hold a important relationship with academic accomplishment. Therefore based on the multiple arrested development analysis, the consequences show that Affective Strategies and Course Self Efficacy history for 24.4 % which explains the discrepancy of academic accomplishment. 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Business Process Management Systems Strategy and Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Business Process Management Systems for Strategy and Implementation. Answer: Introduction: Unilever Limited is an Australian business that operates under the large and well known Unilever PLC and a subsidiary of Anglo Dutch FMCG Company Unilever. Officially it is known as Unilever Australasia. Its headquarters are located in Sydney, Australia and operates in many different towns in the country like New Zealand, Epping, Sydney, Australia among others. Being a subsidiary of a multinational consumer goods company that deals with beverages, cleaning detergents, foods and personal care products it also specializes in the home and personal care products to be specific (Unilever Australia, 2010). The company is named as one of the best businesses that produce good quality and effective consumer goods that are well satisfying and popular to the consumers. Australasia specializes in products like ice creams, olive oils, teas, snacks and meal products which are on the category of consumer products. The home care products include: cleaning detergents, laundry detergents as well as fabric conditioners. While the personal care products are: soaps, body sprays, body deodorants, antiperspirants to name just but a few. To help the company achieve the market and customer demand, it has its research laboratories in different places of the country like North Rocks, Minto, Tatura and Petone (Unilever Australia, 2010). These factories are able to produce all the products that are sold by the company. With time the Australasia has grown and developed its operations both externally and internally. The use and utilization of advanced technology and its improved information systems has contributed to growth and business operation effectiveness. Additionally, the businesss operations involve the use of accounting systems and software packages that generally help it grow and develop its daily activities with the aim of achieving its objectives and goals. Therefore, this gives it the chance to be used as a business of reference for such an assignment. Australasia Current Organizational Structure The organizational structure of a business refers to the principles and laws that govern the employees and the management team to be able to achieve the businesss objectives. Therefore, the organizational structure of Unilever Australia Limited involves the improvement and increase in business productivity towards achieving optimum customer satisfaction. It focuses on product growth and development especially when it come to the quality and price of its products. In addition to that, it has a large number of employees who are well skilled and experienced in customer service and relations as well as product production. Looking at the management structure and its internal systems, the business uses some of the best accounting systems to control and manage its financial operations which lead to better management techniques. Therefore, I can say that the business is able to be successful because of the increased use of accounting systems to manage and control its operations. Therefore, t his gives me a reason to use it as the business of reference in this assignment. The operational problems of an organization may be caused by the fact that it does not use effective and efficient internal systems and especially the accounting systems. Therefore, the following are some of the operational problems that may face Unilever Limited Australia include: Effective and efficient communication structure if very vital for a business that needs to succeed. However, not any other communication but specifically sharing of information concerning the financial status of the business. The organizational accountants and financial analysts should be able to communicate effectively with the management team and other financiers. The business may face frequent financial challenges by changing the organizational structure. When a businesses grow and developed, the process involves new employee hiring and or change in business operations. Apparently, there is always a cost incurred during the acquiring of the new business structure and budgeting for the new employees payments as well as technology and system changes to suit the new structure (Hung, et al, 2016). This can be improved by installing effective and efficient accounting systems in the organization. Apparently large developed businesses have been frequently faced by this challenge. The organization grows and expands but the top management team remains the same which often leads to poor management. This may also be caused by lack of effective internal systems especially the accounting systems which always offer great support to the managers specifically when it comes to financial management and other business operations. Most Likely Acquisition Method for Australasia Limited The best acquisition methods for the company is the ERP software system which is currently being used by so many other successful businesses in the world. This system is generally used to manage and control a business operations including the financial, procurement, inventory and raw material stocks, human resource, supply chain, product transportation and distribution among other business aspects or departments. The ERP system is suitable for the company because it will help it manage the businesss operations, the product brand range and the large market share and segment which are the core aspects of the business success factors (Pearlson et al, 206). Through the use of the accounting software systems, the business will certainly be effective and efficient in terms of production and especially the businesss internal systems because they will be able to function together with the ERP system hence improvement in business productivity. The technical support include factors like the labor availability, energy, time, machines like the computers and the internal systems that support daily business operations. These are actually some of the most important aspects of a businesss sale system (Sedera et al, 2016). They include the involvement of the employees, management team and the physical structure like equipment. Therefore, if Australasias sales system lacks any of these aspects, then it is most likely going to fail. However, since the company has the opportunity of using the accounting systems for its operations it is certainly able to cub this problem. This will definitely relate to how the customers and the sellers communicate during and before the process is commenced. Since the system relies on the information that is fed into the machines especially the computers, the people involved should make sure that the data is correct and according to their needs and desires for each one of them (Jha et al, 2016). Therefore, for the case of Unilever Limited, it is able to manage and control its sale communication procedures because of the implementation of the accounting systems that help in the process. Australia Limited is said to be one of the best producers of consumer products. This means that it has certainly been using modern and updated accounting soft wares, policies and principles to run and manage its operations. This is especially for the case of the financial, procurement operations, marketing and advertising, supply chain, human resource management, budgeting issues, growth strategies to name just but a few business departments and issues (Pearlson et al, 2016). This has certainly been of great help to the business because they are able to perform its operations at the set budgets and without financial crisis or pressure which is often one of the main issues with large companies. Therefore, through the use of the accounting software packages, the business has managed to increase its growth and development rate of the whole business operations. The use of good accounting systems has contributed greatly to the growth and development of the businesss market share. They have played a great role especially in its management strategies and business control operations. For instance, it has established different locations in which it operates from like New Zealand town, Sydney, Australia among others. Also, it has a wide range of products made from different brands. The products are also grouped into three different categories with each category having very good quality and well-priced products. In addition to that, the company has many factories around Australia whose responsibility is to produce the products accordingly hence helping the business meet its market demand. Therefore, all this information is an indication of the large market share that Unilever Australia Limited has. With this fact in mind, it is clear that the company uses the accounting software systems to manage and control its market share and segment. Market Leaders and Their Competitive Advantage The Procter and Gamble and Colgate Palmolive Companies are the closest competitors of Unilever Australia Limited. However, since the companies also have subsidiaries in Australia, they pose a great competition factor for Unilever Australia Limited. This is simply because they all offer the same product brands, product quality and specifically for the same groups of consumers. In addition to that their goods are also used for almost the same purposes (Unilever Australia, 2010). However, the competitive advantage that the two companies have over Unilever is the fact that they have a larger market share, better internal systems for the operations and their specialization on few product brands which makes them of even better quality than those of Unilever Australia. Nevertheless, Unilever Limited uses its accounting systems strategies to win and maintain its market share no matter what the situation and no matter the competition status of the market. The users of these software packages are mostly the accountants, financial analysts, market analysts, financial advisors, auditors among others. Some of the problems that they may face include the following: Lack of knowledge and skills. Every software analysts must have the required skills, experience and expertise to operate an accounting software or package (Marabelli et al, 2016). Nevertheless, in the current world there has been frequent technology changes and advancement which makes the operators skills and experience to be challenges. Lack of enough facilities or machines to run the systems which basically refers to technical support. This relates to internet, software, computer packages and computers themselves. A business that does not have enough equipment to run the systems and make them function will be increasing its chances of making errors financially and also its daily operations. This will definitely be a challenge for the users. Australasia Limited should ensure that its users have the required skills and knowledge especially when the systems or technology develops. 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